Category:Hidden Children (subject)
Hidden Children of the Holocaust (see Holocaust Children Studies)
- Read Hidden Children (USHMM)
- See Secret Lives - Hidden Children And Their Rescuers During WWII (YouTube)
Overview
Among the small number of European Jewish children still alive at the end of the Holocaust, thousands survived because they were hidden.
(a) Some were in hiding, alone or with relatives, in attics, cellars, etc.
(b) Some had false identity papers.
(c) Some were entrusted by their parents to Christian families or religious institutions.
(d) Some, left abandoned, survived as street children.
(e) Some joined partisan groups.
Hidden Children and religious education
Christian families and institutions played a central role in protecting thousands of Jewish Children during the Holocaust. Thousands of "righteous among the nations" are recognized by the Institute Yad Vashem in Israel. Without the heroic commitment and sacrifice of non-Jewish rescuers, many more lives would have been lost.
In the 1940s, European societies were profoundly religious. In order to be safe, "hidden children" had to pretend to be "Christian" by living as Christians. The difference between being and pretending, however, was not very easy to maintain.
Some children were old enough to understand it, and were helped by their non-Jews saviors to retain the memory and pride of their "hidden" identity. Some were simply too young to understand it, or were encouraged by their saviors to convert and became "Christians". Many children ended up to be baptized. At the end of the war, the problem of what to do with these children became dramatic.
Generally speaking, the church discouraged the practice of forced baptism, although it accepted children who "spontaneously" asked for baptism or were offered to conversion by parents or grandparents.
More controversial was the case in which Jewish children were baptized by Christian neighbors or servants. Starting from the eighteenth century and the pontificate of Benedict XIV (1740-1758), the Church issued very strict rules that paved the way for the removal of "baptized" minors from the natural authority of their parents. The Mortara case, dated 1858, is the most famous example.
These norms still had an impact after the Holocaust. Many of the Jewish children saved by Catholic families or Christian institutions had been baptized and educated in the Christian religion. Should they be returned to their parents or relatives or even to Jewish organizations in case they were orphaned?
In 1946 there was a heated debate about this issue within the Catholic Church. Pious XII in 1946 supported the idea that the Jewish children should not be returned. Other important members of the church supported the opposite view. Eventually, most of the children were returned, even though in some cases this meant separating them from the families who so generously had cared for them. For many of the "hidden children" they were the only parents they had ever known. The situation was very complex. Some of the children who had lived in Catholic Institutions refused to leave, some even became priests or nuns; some on the contrary left the priesthood when they discovered their Jewish roots. For many "hidden children", raised by non-Jewish families or guardians, the end of the war was either the happiest moment of their life or just another trauma.
Literature
2003
"Secret Lives - Hidden Children And Their Rescuers During WWII (YouTube)" (2003) is a documentary, directed by Aviva Slesein.
2005
Hidden Child (New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.) is a memoir written by Holocaust survivor Isaac Millman (France, 1933).
"A powerful story of survival, loss, and hope ... Isaac was seven when the Germans invaded France and his life changed forever. First his father was taken away, and then, two years later, Isaac and his mother were arrested. Hoping to save Isaac’s life, his mother bribed a guard to take him to safety at a nearby hospital, where he and many other children pretended to be sick, with help from the doctors and nurses. But this proved a temporary haven. As Isaac was shuttled from city to countryside, experiencing the kindness of strangers, and sometimes their cruelty, he had to shed his Jewish identity to become Jean Devolder. But he never forgot who he really was, and he held on to the hope that after the war he would be reunited with his parents ... After more than fifty years of keeping his story to himself, Isaac Millman has broken his silence to tell it in spare prose, vivid composite paintings, and family photos that survived the war."--Publisher description.
Pages in category "Hidden Children (subject)"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 572 total.
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- Werner Epstein (M / Germany, 1923), Holocaust survivor
- Erika Felicitas Beyth (F / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
- Emil Dortort (M / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim
- Walter Karliner (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
- Manfred Vos (M / Germany, 1924-1943), Holocaust victim
- Irene Abraham (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
- Heinz Berger (M / Austria, 1925), Holocaust survivor
- Louis Goldman (M / Germany, 1925-1996), Holocaust survivor
- Solomon Perel (M / Germany, Poland, 1925), Holocaust survivor
- Walter Strauss (M / Germany, 1925-1943), Holocaust victim
- Ruth Schütz Uzrad (F / Germany, 1925-2015), Holocaust survivor
- Edith Velmans (F / Netherlands, 1925), Holocaust survivor
- Aronne Amoday (M / Serbia, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Martin Axelrad (M / Austria, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Janina Lewinson / Janina Bauman (F / Poland, 1926-2009), Holocaust survivor
- Luna Ergas (F / Greece, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Simon Federman (M / France, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Moshe Flinker (M / Netherlands, 1926-1944), Holocaust victim
- Inge Helft (F / Germany, 1926-1943), Holocaust victim
- Herbert Karliner (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Jean-Marie Lustiger (M / France, 1926-2007), Holocaust survivor
- Eugene Moses / Gene Moser (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- David Plonski (M / Poland, 1926-2010), Holocaust survivor
- Ruth Salmon (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Gerda Samaskewitz (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Lore Alice Samson (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Felix Scherzer (M / Austria, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Stella Schnapp (F / Austria, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Ruth Strauss / Ruth Schloss (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Edith Weitz (F / Austria, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Heinz Alexander (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Zyga Allweiss (F / Poland, 1927-2014), Holocaust survivor
- Henry Artz / Heinz Arzt (M / Austria, 1927-2001), Holocaust survivor
- Hans Benedick (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Joachim Bukofzer (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Clara Kramer (F / Poland, 1927-2018), Holocaust survivor
- Gerda Landsberger (F / Poland, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Yehoshua Neuwirth (M / Germany, 1927-2013), Holocaust survivor
- Esther Nisenthal Krinitz
- Oskar Pinkus (M / Poland, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Esther Rasch / Ester Fried (F / Hungary, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Moyshe Rekhtman
- Friedrich Springer (M / Austria, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Otto Wolf (M / Czechia, 1927-1945), Holocaust victim
- Elsa Wolff (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Gidon Arye (M / Lithuania, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Vasco Calò
- Sergio Di Porto (M / Italy, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Abramo Dresdner
- Gisela Edel / Naomi Elath (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Vera Faludi (F / Bulgaria, Hungary, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Alexander Grothendieck (M / Germany, 1928-2014), Holocaust survivor
- Luigi Fleischmann (M / Italy, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- David Gewirtzman / Berl Losice (M / Poland, 1928-2012), Holocaust survivor
- David Hendel (M / Croatia, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Alice Jeruchim (F / France, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Tema Kaplan
- Adriana Luzzati Bassani (F / Italy, 1928-2018), Holocaust survivor
- Bernard Mayer
- Helmut Moses / Harvey Moser (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Mendel Rosenkranz (M / Poland, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Marco Salvadori (M / Italy, 1928-2010), Holocaust survivor
- Davide Schiffer (M / Italy, 1928-2020), Holocaust survivor
- Hans Simon Schonfrank (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Halina Schutz (F / Poland, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Cesare Segre (M / Italy, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Leo Silberman (M / Poland, 1928-2015), Holocaust survivor
- Eugene Sochor (M / Belgium, 1928-2015), Holocaust survivor
- Roberto Tagliacozzo (M / Italy, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Rene Weiss (F / Czechia, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Belcia Weissman / Belcia Pinkus (F / Poland, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Sabina Wylot
- Rosa Zarfati (F / Italy, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Haim Amoday (M / Macedonia, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Zdenko Bergl (M / Croatia, 1929-2016), Holocaust survivor
- Marí Dawidowicz
- Fanny Findling (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Hindrich Horak (M / Czechia, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Eduard Izaks (M / Netherlands, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Simon Jeruchim (M / France, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Rivka Krol (F / Poland, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Szlama Kutnowski (M / Poland, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- François Lecomte (M / France, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Rose Lipszyc (F / Poland, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Manfred Mayer / Frederick Raymes (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Alice Menkes (F / Austria, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Sergio Minerbi (M / Italy, 1929-2019), Holocaust survivor
- Ruth Posner
- Wolfang Rotenberg (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Olek Czoban / Alexander Sarel (M / Poland, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Shmuel Shilo (M / Poland, 1929-2011), Holocaust survivor
- Ann Shore / Hania Goldman (F / Poland, 1929)
- Giuseppe Sorani (M / Italy, 1929-2018), Holocaust survivor
- Giacomo Varon (M / Italy, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Gertrude Vitriol (F / Slovakia, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Alicia Weinsberg / Alicja Fajnsztejn (F / Poland, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Miko Zeller (M / Bosnia, 1929-1997), Holocaust survivor
- Henri Adlerstein
- Giovanni Abinum (M / Serbia, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Giovanni Albinum (M / Serbia, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Kurt Altstädter
- Herman Amsterdam
- Alicia Appleman-Jurman (F / Poland, 1930-2017), Holocaust survivor
- Carla Bachi (F / Italy, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Jacques Benderski
- Annette Bernay
- Nina Boniowna
- Rosa Brecher (F / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Marcel Bulka (M / Poland, 1930-1944), Holocaust victim
- Leon Buniak
- Hetty D'Ancona
- Janina David
- Walter Ehrlich (M / Slovakia, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Mietek Eichel
- Fanny Eil / Fanny Ben-Ami (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Cesare Moise Finzi (M / Italy, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Szyja Flajsz (M / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Bronislawa Goldfischer
- Marianne Adameczek (F / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Dorothy Greenstein / Devorah Kirszenbaum (F / Poland, 1930-2018), Holocaust survivor
- Gabriel Groszman
- Joseph Hirt (M / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Berndt Kaufman
- Ingrid Kisliuk / Inge Scheer (F / Austria, 1930-2020), Holocaust survivor
- Hermann Kremer (M / Croatia, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Menahem Kriegel (M / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Jan Kulbinger
- Berl Lieblein
- Leon Majblum (M / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Hans Helmut Michel (M / Germany, France, 1930-1944), Holocaust victim
- Jean Muller (M / France, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Yehuda Nir / Juliusz Gruenfeld (M / Poland, 1930-2014), Holocaust survivor
- Gualtiero Orvieto (M / Italy, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Kalman Perk (M / Lithuania, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Hanna Rawicz Keselman
- Eric Schwam (M / Austria, 1930-2020), Holocaust survivor
- Ariana Spiegel / Elisabeth Bellak (F / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Marianne Spier-Donati (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Regina Steinitz
- Lidka Stern (F / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Guido Tagliacozzo (M / Italy, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Vitaliano Trevi (M / Italy, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Eva Tuchsznajder (F / Belgium, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930-2006), scholar
- Lea Weitzner
- Manfred Wildmann (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Henry Winkler
- Bogdan Wojdowski (M / Poland, 1930-1994), Holocaust survivor
- Adolphe Zdroui (M / France, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- David Zugman (M / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Leo Michel Abrami (M / France, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Meri Adanja (F / Serbia, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Janina Altman / Janina Hescheles (F / Poland, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Sandro Anticoli (M / Italy, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Vittorio Emanuele Anticoli (M / Italy, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Graziella Bardavid (F / Italy, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Evelyn Bergl / Evelyn Arzt (F / Austria, 1931-2020), Holocaust survivor
- Edith Brandmann
- Maria Brieger
- Isacco Caviglia (M / Italy, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Franco Cesana (M / Italy, 1931-1944), Holocaust victim
- Manfred Degen (M / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Gregory Elper (M / Belarus, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Fred & Rolph Flatau (MM / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivors
- Livio Fleischmann (M / Italy, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Irena Czoban / Aviva Fogelman (F / Poland, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Maurice Gerenstein (M / France, 1931-1944), Holocaust victim
- Harry Goldman (M / Germany, 1931-1948), Holocaust survivor
- Simon Gronowski (M / Belgium, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Suzanne Gross / Sarah Pertofsky (F / France, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Ernest Haar (M / Austria, 1931-2020), Holocaust survivor
- Alexander Halaunbrenner (M / France, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Joseph Joffo (France, 1931-2018), Holocaust survivor
- Mojzesz Kin
- Rachel Kokotek (F / France, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Josef Langnas (M / Austria, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Jacques Leibman / Isaac Lajbman (M / Belgium, 1931-2011), Holocaust survivor
- Lia Levi (F / Italy, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Irena Librowicz / Irit Amiel (F / Poland, 1931-2021), Holocaust survivor
- Henry Muller (M / France, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Walter Mundstein (M / Austria, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Emanuele Pacifici (M / Italy, 1931-2014), Holocaust survivor
- Rosa Pinczewski
- Josek Mansdorf (M / Poland, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Wiktoria Sliwowska
- Settimio Terracina (M / Italy, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- André Zalc (M / Belgium, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Elvira Zarfati (F / Italy, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Regina Zimmet (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Sidney Zoltak (M / Poland, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Charlotte Adelman
- Aharon Appelfeld (M / Poland, 1932-2018), Holocaust survivor
- Alberto Astrologo (M / Italy, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Aleksandra Berlowicz
- Eva Boros
- Henry Brecher (M / Austria, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Krystyna Budnicka
- Rachel Buniak
- Aldo Di Castro (M / Italy, 1932-2004), Holocaust survivor
- Renato Di Castro (M / Italy, 1930), Holocaust survivor
Media in category "Hidden Children (subject)"
The following 58 files are in this category, out of 58 total.
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