Category:Holocaust Children, Poland (subject)

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Holocaust Children, Poland (see Holocaust Children Studies)

Overview

Polish Jewish children were the age group which suffered the most during the Holocaust. Before the war over 900.000 children lived in Poland out of a population of 3,500,000 Jews. More than 95% of them perished.

Before the War Poland was the European state with the largest percentage of Jewish Population. The number of Jews had further increased with the arrival of refugees from Germany, Austria, and Czechia.

The Beginning of WW2 (1939)

With the beginning of WW2 in September 1939, Poland was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union. Thousands and thousands of Jewish refugees moved from Western to Eastern Poland. As a result 50% of the Jewish population was now under Nazi occupation while the other half found themselves under Soviet rule.

The first years of the War (1939-41)

In Western Europe (under German occupation), the Jewish population was immediately subjected to discrimination and persecution. Ghettoes were established in all major cities and Jews was subjected to forced labor. Soon the situation became dramatic. Thousands and thousands of Jews (among of them a high percentage of children) began to die of starvation and disease in overcrowded ghettos.

In Eastern Poland (under Soviet occupation), Jews also experienced hardships but not open "racial" persecution. From 1939 to 1941 between 100,000 and 300,000 Polish Jews (including children) were deported from Soviet-occupied Polish territory into the Soviet Union. Some of them, especially Polish Communists, moved voluntarily; however, most of them were forcibly deported or imprisoned in a Gulag for "political" reasons.

The Invasion of the Soviet Union (1941-42)

Following Operation Barbarossa, many Jews in what was then Eastern Poland fell victim to specially-appointed Nazi death squads (Einsatzgruppen), which systematically massacred Jews (including women and children), especially in 1941. Already at the end of 1941, Nazi authorities were seeking more efficient ways to pursue the extermination of Jews. Death camps were built in Poland and became fully operative at the beginning of 1942. Their gas vans or chambers could kill thousands of Jews per day. One by one ghettoes were liquidated and only a small percentage of "workers" was kept alive. Small children were the first to die.

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