Category:Hidden Children (subject)
Hidden Children of the Holocaust (see Holocaust Children Studies)
- Belgium -- France -- Italy -- Netherlands -- Poland
- Read Hidden Children (USHMM)
- See Secret Lives - Hidden Children And Their Rescuers During WWII (YouTube)
Overview
Among the small percentage of European Jewish children still alive at the end of the Holocaust, thousands survived because they were hidden.
(a) Some were in hiding, alone or with relatives, in attics, cellars, etc.
(b) Some had false identity papers.
(c) Some were entrusted by their parents to Christian families or religious institutions.
(d) Some, left abandoned, survived as street children.
(e) Some joined partisan groups.
Book : The Hidden Children (1993), by Jane Marks
- Jane Marks, The Hidden Children: The Secret Survivors of the Holocaust (New York : Ballantine Books, 1993).
"They hid wherever they could for as long as it took the Allies to win the war -- Jewish children, frightened, alone, often separated from their families. For months, even years, they faced the constant danger of discovery, fabricating new identities at a young age, sacrificing their childhoods to save their lives. These secret survivors have suppressed these painful memories for decades. Now, in The Hidden Children, twenty-three adult survivors share their moving wartime experiences -- some for the first time ... There is Rosa, who hid in an impoverished one-room farmhouse with three others, sleeping on a clay pallet behind a stove; Renee, who posed as a Catholic and was kept in a convent by nuns who knew her secret; and Richard, who lived in a closet with his family for thirteen months. Their personal stories of belief and determination give a voice, at last, to the forgotten. Inspiring and life-affirming, The Hidden Children is an unparalleled document of witness, discovery, and the miracle of human courage."--Publisher description.
The ordeal -- The aftermath -- The legacy -- The healing -- A historical perspective : tracing the history of the hidden-child experience / by Nechama Tec -- The psychology behind being a hidden child / by Eva Fogelman.
Hidden Children and religious education
Christian families and institutions played a central role in protecting thousands of Jewish Children during the Holocaust. Thousands of "righteous among the nations" are recognized by the Institute Yad Vashem in Israel. Without the heroic commitment and sacrifice of non-Jewish rescuers, many more lives would have been lost.
In the 1940s, European societies were profoundly religious. In order to be safe, "hidden children" had to pretend to be "Christian" by living as Christians. The difference between being and pretending, however, was not very easy to maintain.
Some children were old enough to understand it, and were helped by their non-Jews saviors to retain the memory and pride of their "hidden" identity. Some were simply too young to understand it, or were encouraged by their saviors to convert and became "Christians". Many children ended up to be baptized. At the end of the war, the problem of what to do with these children became dramatic.
Generally speaking, the church discouraged the practice of forced baptism, although it accepted children who "spontaneously" asked for baptism or were offered to conversion by parents or grandparents.
More controversial was the case in which Jewish children were baptized by Christian neighbors or servants. Starting from the eighteenth century and the pontificate of Benedict XIV (1740-1758), the Church issued very strict rules that paved the way for the removal of "baptized" minors from the natural authority of their parents. The Mortara case, dated 1858, is the most famous example.
These norms still had an impact after the Holocaust. Many of the Jewish children saved by Catholic families or Christian institutions had been baptized and educated in the Christian religion. Should they be returned to their parents or relatives or even to Jewish organizations in case they were orphaned?
In 1946 there was a heated debate about this issue within the Catholic Church. Pious XII in 1946 supported the idea that the Jewish children should not be returned. Other important members of the church supported the opposite view. Eventually, most of the children were returned, even though in some cases this meant separating them from the families who so generously had cared for them. For many of the "hidden children" they were the only parents they had ever known. The situation was very complex. Some of the children who had lived in Catholic Institutions refused to leave, some even became priests or nuns; some on the contrary left the priesthood when they discovered their Jewish roots. For many "hidden children", raised by non-Jewish families or guardians, the end of the war was either the happiest moment of their life or just another trauma.
Literature
2003
"Secret Lives - Hidden Children And Their Rescuers During WWII (YouTube)" (2003) is a documentary, directed by Aviva Slesein.
Pages in category "Hidden Children (subject)"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 572 total.
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- François Englert (M / Belgium, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Salomon Fachler (M / Poland, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Saul Friedländer (France, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Leon Gewandter
- Rachel Izaks (F / Netherlands, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Rena Kant
- Fryda Koch (F / Poland, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Maria Kopel (F / Poland, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Zigmund Krauthamer / Simon Krauthamer (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Bettina Le Beau
- Jozef Leichter
- Lea Mattersdorfer / Lea Zalkind (F / Croatia, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Regine Miller (F / Belgium, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Heinz Mundstein (M / Austria, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Henryk Piechotka (M / Poland, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Johanna Reiss (Netherlands, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Cesare Rimini (M / Italy, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Alfred Rosenthal (M / Yugoslavia, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Karl Rothstein
- Eva Serdy
- Genia Shurtz (F / Poland, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Luisa Soavi (F / Italy, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Mario Sonnino (M / Italy, 1932-2010), Holocaust survivor
- Rolf Spier-Donati (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Noach Szejniuk (M / France, 1932-1999), Holocaust survivor
- Jerzy Feliks Urman (Poland, 1932-1943), Holocaust victim
- Hetty Weiner-Fisch / Hetty Klein (F / Slovakia, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Regina Adanja (F / Serbia, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Roza Ajlkichen Leibman (F / Poland, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Bencion Amoday (M / Macedonia, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Samuel Bak (M / Lithuania, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Louis Begley / Ludwik Begleiter (M / Poland, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Bruno Di Porto (M / Italy, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Shalom Eilati (M / Lithuania, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Fryda Einsiedler
- Jakub Eisen (M / Poland, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Annette Federman (F / France, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Giorgio Foà (M / Italy, 1933-2018), Holocaust survivor
- Hedi Friedman (F / Slovakia, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Liliane Gerenstein (F / France, 1933-1944), Holocaust victim
- Ella Griliches (F / Lithuania, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Robert Gruber
- Walter Grunberg / Walter Greenberg (M / Italy, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Fanny Hollander
- Kristina Kochanowska
- Jerzy Kosinski / Jozef Lewinkopf (M / Poland, 1933-1991), Holocaust survivor.
- Julius Krauthamer (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Anzelm Landesman
- Loti Lang / Loti Zeller (F / Bosnia, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Rachel Miller
- Isaac Millman (M / France, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Annette Muller (F / France, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Riccardo Polacco (M / Italy, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Roman Polanski
- Zofia Rapaport
- Moshe Roth (M / France, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Naomi Samson / Naomi Rosenberg (F / Poland, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Paul Schwarzbart (M / Austria, Belgium, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Estera Szajn
- Henri Vos / Zvi Paz (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Miriam Winter
- Aldo Zargani (M / Italy, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Ena Almuly / Ena Lorant (F / Serbia, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Jasa Altarac (M / Serbia, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Shela Altaraz
- Hans Ament (M / Austria, 1934-1944), Holocaust victim
- Estera Beller (F / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Albert Bulka (M / Belgium, 1934-1944), Holocaust victim
- Samuele Caviglia (M / Italy, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Magda Denes (F / Hungary, 1934-1996), Holocaust survivor
- Mireille Dores / Miriam Herr (F / France, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Georgette Eil (F / France, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Eva Etzioni-Halevy (F / Austria, Israel, 1934), Holocaust survivor, novelist
- Augusta Feldhorm (F / Austria, Belgium, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Bernice Fishman / Bronia Grandens (F / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Michal Glowinski
- Ziomek Hammer / Shlomo HaMeiri (M / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Ruth Hauben (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Josef Hazan (M / Bosnia, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Alex Hershaft
- Michael Hirt (M / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Evi Horowitz (F / Austria, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Daniel Kahneman (M / France, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Anita Kempler / Anita Lobel (F / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Izak Klajman (M / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Vilko Kremer (M / Croatia, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Marc Andre Limot (M / France, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Ehud Loeb / Herbert Odenheimer (M / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Laura Oberlander
- Marco Pavoncello (M / Italy, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Genya Reznick
- Alice Rosen (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Malka Rosental
- Siegmund Rotenberg (M / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Slavko Schwarzenberg (M / Latvia, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Graziano Sonnino (M / Italy, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Celina Sternlicht / Celina Zborowski (F / Poland, 1934-2021), Holocaust survivor
- Renata Trau (F / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Michael Urich
- Alice Wajnberg (F / France, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Eugenia Welner (F / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Roberto Zargani (M / Italy, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Renato Zarfati (M / Italy, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Violetta Abinum (F / Serbia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Violetta Albinum (F / Serbia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Amos Blas
- Eve Boden
- Marcel Braitstein (M / Belgium, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Pavac Buchler (M / Croatia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Krystyna Chiger / Kristine Keren (F / Poland, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Tamara Cygler (F / Poland, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Pavel Deutsch (M / Croatia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Joel Diena (M / Italy, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Mika Finci (M / Yugoslavia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Bob Geminder (M / Poland, 1935-2019), Holocaust survivor
- Erna Gorman (F / Poland, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Mina Halaunbrenner (F / France, 1935-1944), Holocaust victim
- Ruth Hendel / Tamar Hendel-Fishman (F / Croatia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Jay Ipson (M / Lithuania, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Simon Kalderon (M / Yugoslavia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Serge Klarsfeld
- Lazarz Krakowski
- Michel Muller (M / France, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Mark Nossbaum
- Michele Rosenberg
- Regina Ruck
- Judit Schichtanz
- Giacomo Terracina (M / Italy, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Nelly S. Toll
- Rivka Tuchsznajder (F / Belgium, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Amalia Viterbo (F / Italy, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Zygmunt Weinreb (M / Poland, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Lucie Zalc / Lucie Ragin (F / Belgium, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Rosian Zerner / Rosian Bagriansky (F / Lithuania, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Alice Adanja (F / Serbia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Sophia Aferiat
- François Ajlkichen (M / Poland, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Jerzy Aleksandrowicz
- Elisa Almuly (F / Serbia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Lenka Altarac (F / Bosnia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Sheila Bernard (Poland, 1936-2007), Holocaust survivor
- Mirka Bram
- Shlomo Breznitz
- Felicia Bryn (F / Poland, 1936-2014), Holocaust survivor
- Blanka Buchler (F / Croatia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Susanna Cassuto (F / Italy, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Sergio Debenedetti (M / Italy, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Branko Deutsch (M / Croatia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Lia Diener (F / Austria, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Zofja Fajnsztejn (F / Poland, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Gabriella Foa (F / Italy, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Menachem Frenkel
- Liliana Friedrich (F / Italy, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Cesare Frustaci
- Andrew S. Grove (M / Hungary, 1936-2016), Holocaust survivor
- Heinz Grun (M / Austria, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Chana Joselevich (F / Lithuania, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Thomas Komoly
- Bettina Langnas (F / Austria, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Bernard Kempler (M / Poland, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Gavra Mandil (M / Yugoslavia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Renzo Modiano (M / Italy, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Maud Peper / Maud Dahme (F / Netherlands, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Edith Rosenthal (F / Yugoslavia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Josef Shuster (M / Lithuania, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Eva Springer (F / Slovakia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- David Tagliacozzo (M / Italy, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Angelo Terracina (M / Italy, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Malka Tuchsznajder (F / Belgium, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Manya Wallenfels (F / Poland, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Frida Weinstein / Frida Scheps (F / France, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Marlena Wolisch (F / Poland, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Esther Zamri / Esther Hazan (F / Poland, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Pacifico Zarfati (M / Italy, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Estika Alkalay (F / Bosnia, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Fenika Alkalay (F / Bosnia, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Relly Altaras (F / Bosnia, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Lena Atlas (F / Poland, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Salomon Blond (M / Poland, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Ervin Bogner (M / Slovakia, 1937-2017), Holocaust survivor
- Renata Calverley (F / Poland, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- David Moshe Cassuto (M / Italy, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Regina Czarnecka
- Szlomo Czosnek
- Franco Debenedetti (M / Italy, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Heinrich Degen (M / Germany, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Gershon Eisenmann (M / Netherlands, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Sonia Epelsztejn (F / Poland, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Relly Farkic (F / Serbia, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Regina Findling (F / Germany, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Bruno Fink (M / Poland, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Renia Furmanska
- Miriam Gefel
- Roland Gleichgewicht
- Ruth Kapp Hartz (F / France, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Eryk Holder (M / Poland, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Monique Jackson (F / France, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Susan Warhaftig (F / Austria, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- Michel Jeruchim (M / France, 1937), Holocaust survivor
- David Korn (M / Slovakia, 1937), Holocaust survivor
Media in category "Hidden Children (subject)"
The following 58 files are in this category, out of 58 total.
- Walter Karliner.jpg 788 × 1,200; 127 KB
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- 1995 Frank en.jpg 400 × 661; 218 KB
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- 1997 Maarsen en.jpg 1,920 × 2,560; 266 KB
- 1997 Rimini.jpg 336 × 499; 17 KB
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- 1998 Muller de.jpg 312 × 500; 29 KB
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