Category:Holocaust Refugee Children, United States (subject)

Holocaust Refugee Children, United States

• Kraus Rescue Mission -- SS Mouzinho (June 1941) -- SS Mouzinho (August 1941) -- SS Serpa Pinto (September 1941) -- Fort Ontario

Overview

After Hitler's rise to power, concerned American Jewish groups founded German Jewish Children’s Aid (GJCA) in April 1934, an organization dedicated to coordinating the immigration of unaccompanied German Jewish children (sixteen or younger) to the United States. By July 1939, GJCA brought 414 children to the United States, though their efforts were constantly hampered by a lack of adequate funding and the difficulty of finding suitable foster homes.

After Kristallnacht, Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus went to Vienna in the spring 1939 and succeeded in bringing 50 children to the United States. See Kraus Rescue Mission. Other children arrived as immigrants with their own families.

In September 1940, HICEM (the Jewish overseas emigration association) began making plans to facilitate the immigration of Jewish children to the United States on special State Department visas. Though the program was designed to help children below the age of thirteen, children as old as sixteen were admitted if they were accompanying younger siblings. The JDC (American Joint Distribution Committee) facilitated and financed the emigration of children without American relatives. HICEM made arrangements for French exit visas, Spanish and Portuguese transit visas, and reservations on ships out of Lisbon. On March 5, 1941, OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants) France in Montpellier sent HICEM a list of 500 detained children as candidates for emigration. These children were released from French internment camps, such as Gurs and Rivesaltes, and taken to OSE children's homes while awaiting emigration. However, both the French and American governments were slow in processing the visas and some children had to wait a full year before they received the necessary papers. The first convoy of 111 children left the Marseilles train station at the end of May 1941. They were accompanied by OSE workers Isaac and Masha Chomski, who coordinated the transport with the assistance of Morris Troper of the JDC as well as the American Friends Service Committee. The train stopped briefly at the Oloron train station, located outside the Gurs concentration camp, so that the children could say a final goodbye to their parents. The children had saved their morning food rations and presented them to their parents as a gift, to the amazement of all the adults present. The brief reunion was traumatic for both the children and the parents, and OSE decided to discontinue the practice on future convoys. From France, the children traveled to Portugal by way of Spain. In Lisbon they boarded the SS Mouzinho which sailed on June 10, 1941. Two additional groups of children reached Lisbon in the late summer of 1941 and sailed aboard ships that left in September, one of which was the Serpa Pinto. In all, the five children's transports that left France for America rescued 311 children. These children became part of the One Thousand Children, the recent name given to the group of Holocaust child survivors who fled from Hitler's threat but without their parents and traveled directly to the United States,

It is estimated that a total of at least 1,400 refugee children came to the United States during the Nazi era.

A group of around 1,000 refugees (including many children) arrived in the United States in 1944 traveling from the liberated territories of Italy to Fort Ontario.

The Children

1938

1939

• See Kraus Rescue Mission (50 children)

• Pietro Castelnuovo-Tedesco (M / Italy, 1925-1998), Holocaust survivor

• Lorenzo Castelnuovo-Tedesco (M / Italy, 1930-2000), Holocaust survivor

1941

• See SS Mouzinho

• Werner Rindsberg / Walter Reed (M / Germany, 1924-2016), Holocaust survivor

1944

• See Fort Ontario

• Mary Berg / Miriam Wattenberg (F / Poland, 1924-2013), Holocaust survivor

External links

• USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia (The Immigration of Refugee Children to the United States)