Category:Holocaust Refugee Children, United States (subject)
Holocaust Refugee Children, United States
- Kraus Rescue Mission -- SS Mouzinho (June 1941) -- SS Mouzinho (August 1941) -- SS Serpa Pinto (September 1941) -- Fort Ontario
Overview
After Hitler's rise to power, concerned American Jewish groups founded German Jewish Children’s Aid (GJCA) in April 1934, an organization dedicated to coordinating the immigration of unaccompanied German Jewish children (sixteen or younger) to the United States. By July 1939, GJCA brought 414 children to the United States, though their efforts were constantly hampered by a lack of adequate funding and the difficulty of finding suitable foster homes.
After Kristallnacht, Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus went to Vienna in the spring 1939 and succeeded in bringing 50 children to the United States. See Kraus Rescue Mission. Other children arrived as immigrants with their own families.
In September 1940, HICEM (the Jewish overseas emigration association) began making plans to facilitate the immigration of Jewish children to the United States on special State Department visas. Though the program was designed to help children below the age of thirteen, children as old as sixteen were admitted if they were accompanying younger siblings. The JDC (American Joint Distribution Committee) facilitated and financed the emigration of children without American relatives. HICEM made arrangements for French exit visas, Spanish and Portuguese transit visas, and reservations on ships out of Lisbon. On March 5, 1941, OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants) France in Montpellier sent HICEM a list of 500 detained children as candidates for emigration. These children were released from French internment camps, such as Gurs and Rivesaltes, and taken to OSE children's homes while awaiting emigration. However, both the French and American governments were slow in processing the visas and some children had to wait a full year before they received the necessary papers. The first convoy of 111 children left the Marseilles train station at the end of May 1941. They were accompanied by OSE workers Isaac and Masha Chomski, who coordinated the transport with the assistance of Morris Troper of the JDC as well as the American Friends Service Committee. The train stopped briefly at the Oloron train station, located outside the Gurs concentration camp, so that the children could say a final goodbye to their parents. The children had saved their morning food rations and presented them to their parents as a gift, to the amazement of all the adults present. The brief reunion was traumatic for both the children and the parents, and OSE decided to discontinue the practice on future convoys. From France, the children traveled to Portugal by way of Spain. In Lisbon they boarded the SS Mouzinho which sailed on June 10, 1941. Two additional groups of children reached Lisbon in the late summer of 1941 and sailed aboard ships that left in September, one of which was the Serpa Pinto. In all, the five children's transports that left France for America rescued 311 children. These children became part of the One Thousand Children, the recent name given to the group of Holocaust child survivors who fled from Hitler's threat but without their parents and traveled directly to the United States,
It is estimated that a total of at least 1,400 refugee children came to the United States during the Nazi era.
A group of around 1,000 refugees (including many children) arrived in the United States in 1944 traveling from the liberated territories of Italy to Fort Ontario.
The Children
1938
1939
- See Kraus Rescue Mission (50 children)
1941
- See SS Mouzinho
1944
- See Fort Ontario
External links
- USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia (The Immigration of Refugee Children to the United States)
Pages in category "Holocaust Refugee Children, United States (subject)"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 212 total.
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- Alfred Berg (M / Austria, 1924-2013), Holocaust survivor
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- Egon Salmon (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
- Pietro Castelnuovo-Tedesco (M / Italy, 1925-1998), Holocaust survivor
- Elisabeta Dresdner (F / Romania, 1925), Holocaust survivor
- Flora Hirsch / Flora Blimel Spiegel (F / Germany, 1925-1992), Holocaust survivor
- Max Hirt (M / Austria, 1925), Holocaust survivor
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- Gerd Obersitsker (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
- Heinz Sinasohn (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
- Helga Sussel (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
- Jenny Baruch (M / Serbia, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Arthur Kantor (M / Austria, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Elisabeth Kaufmann (F / Austria, 1926-2003), Holocaust survivor
- Robert Keller (M / Austria, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Siegfried Knop (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Jutta Levy / Jutta Salzberg (F / Germany, 1926-2013), Holocaust survivor
- Fransi Linhard (F / Austria, 1926-1939), Holocaust survivor
- Kurt Simon Rosenbaum (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Lore Schapira (F / Austria, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Hanni Schlimmer (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Gunther Sinasohn (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Klaus Sostheim (M / Poland, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Fritz Strauss
- Walter Weitzmann (M / Austria, 1926), Holocaust survivor
- Hugo Zulawski (M / Austria, 1926-2003), Holocaust survivor
- Erwin Berkowitz (M / Austria, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Jakob Brenner (M / Poland, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Horst Cahn (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Nathan Fischof (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Felix Heilpern (M / Austria, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Anselm Hirsch / Anselm Asher Hirsch (M / Germany, 1927-2007), Holocaust survivor
- Else Kokotek (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Manfred Kreitstein (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Eva Ruth Lepehne / Eva Rosenfeld (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Friedrich Reif / Frederick Reif (M / Austria, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Ellen Tarlow / Ellen Meinberg (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
- Samuel Adler (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Kurt Admon (M / Austria, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Raymond Boni (M / France, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Helli Buchholz (F / Austria, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Abraham Dresdner (M / Romania, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Bernhard Eisler (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Sabina Feuer (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Joseph Findling (M / Germany, 1928-2019), Holocaust survivor
- Hans Hermann Fischer / Hans Fisher (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Kurt Fischof (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Werner Goldschmidt
- Fritz Haber (M / Austria, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- David Hendel (M / Croatia, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Liesl Joseph / Liesel Loeb (F / Germany, 1928-2013), Holocaust survivor
- Eva Kantor (F / Austria, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Oswald Kernberg (M / Austria, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Max Krolik (M / Poland, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Gerhard Mahler / Gerald Watkins (M / Austria, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Kurt Moses (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Kurt Roth (M / Austria, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Dimitri Sommerburg (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Henny Wenkart (F / Austria, 1928), Holocaust survivor
- Konstantin Zabotin (M / Germany, 1928-2014), Holocaust survivor
- Rita Buchholz (F / Austria, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Manfred Cige (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Irena Danon (F / Serbia, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Gerhard Eckmann (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Ruth Fischer / Ruth Bickhardt (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Karla Flanter (F/ Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Kurt Herman (M / Austria, 1929-2014), Holocaust survivor
- Gustl Hirsch / Sara Hirsch Shartar (F / Germany, 1929-1990), Holocaust survivor
- Ruth Kanner (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Manfred Kuznitzki (M / Poland, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Werner Moses (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Sonia Sommerburg (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Robert Spies (M / Austria, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Henry Tamar (M / Austria, 1929-2014), Holocaust survivor
- Alfred Berg (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Charlotte Berg (F / Austria, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Lorenzo Castelnuovo-Tedesco (M / Italy, 1930-2000), Holocaust survivor
- Paolo Calabresi (M / Italy, 1930-2003), Holocaust survivor
- Sigmund Cige (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Isidor Dresdner (M / Romania, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Friedel Feuer (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Siegfried Findling (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Claus Gossels / Peter Gossels (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Joseph Hirt (M / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Evelyn Klein / Evelyn Altman (F / Hungary, 1930-2002), Holocaust survivor
- Hermann Kremer (M / Croatia, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Henny Notowicz (F / Poland, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Kurt Pauly
- Klara Rattner Lee (F / Austria, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Renate Reutlinger / Ronnie Breslow (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Edith Sommer (F / Austria, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Peter Sommerburg (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Jules Steinhardt (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Julius Wald (M / Austria, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Helga Weisz Milberg (F / Austria, 1930-2012), Holocaust survivor
- Eva Weitzmann / Eva Moore (F / Austria, 1929), Holocaust survivor
- Willy Wolpert (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Fritzi Zinger Nozik (F / Austria, 1930), Holocaust survivor
- Liesl Bader (F / Austria, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Paul Beller (M / Austria, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Rosalie Blau / Rosalie Johnson (F / Germany, 1931-2010), Holocaust survivor
- Silven Boni / Sylvain Boni (M / France, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Rudolf Dresdner (M / Romania, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Relly Eisenberg (F / Austria, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Fred & Rolph Flatau (MM / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivors
- Wulf Grajonca / Bill Graham (M / Germany, 1931-1991), Holocaust survivor
- Jakob Hirsch / Jack Aryeh Hirsch (M / Germany, 1931-2003), Holocaust survivor
- Herbert Kammer (M / Austria, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Eva Kanner (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Josef Langnas (M / Austria, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Gustav Manasse (M / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Ralph Moratz (M / Germany, 1931-2016), Holocaust survivor
- Harold Orbach (M / Germany, 1931-2014), Holocaust survivor
- Bianca Siegmann (F / Austria, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Erwin Tepper (M / Austria, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Rolf Weinmann (M / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
- Belja Altarac (F / Bosnia, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Joachim Bass (M / Poland / Switzerland, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Henry Brecher (M / Austria, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Piotr Cajewski (M / Poland, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Guido Calabresi (M / Italy, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Martin Findling (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Fred Freuthal (M / Austria, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Benjamin Hirsch / Zvi Benjamin Hirsch (M / Germany, 1932-2018), Holocaust survivor
- Bernard Jonap (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Inge Kokotek (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Zigmund Krauthamer / Simon Krauthamer (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Vladimir Lang (M / Croatia, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Salo Messinger / Sol Messinger (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Alfred Rosenthal (M / Yugoslavia, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Kurt Steinhardt (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
- Claude Boni (M / France, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Ica Danon (M / Serbia, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Salomon Dresdner (M / Romania, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Henry Frankel
- Werner Gossels (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Walter Grunberg / Walter Greenberg (M / Italy, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Helen Charash / Helen Hesse (F / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Rudolf Jacobsohn / Rudolf Cohen (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Thomas Jacobsohn (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
- Klaus Köhler / James Koehler (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Julius Krauthamer (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Rosa Krolik (F / Poland, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Peter Linhard (M / Austria, 1933-2005), Holocaust survivor
- Herman Rosenfeld (M / Germany, 1933-1990), Holocaust survivor
- Edith Salmon / Edith Smith (F / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Paul Wittenberg (M / Czechia, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Elizabeth Zinger Davis (F / Austria, 1933), Holocaust survivor
- Evelyn Aber / Evelyn Lisi (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Otto Berg (M / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Beatrice Bonne / Beatrice Sichel (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Isabelle Cajewski (F / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Rosena Dresdner (F / Romania, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Ruth Engelhardt (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Lore Flanter (F/ Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Josef Hazan (M / Bosnia, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Michael Hirt (M / Poland, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Vilko Kremer (M / Croatia, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Liane Reif / Liane Lehrer (F / Austria, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Slavko Schwarzenberg (M / Latvia, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Erika Tamar (F / Austria, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Wilhelm Wittenberg (M / Czechia, 1934), Holocaust survivor
- Eve Boden
- Pavac Buchler (M / Croatia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Mika Finci (M / Yugoslavia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Ruth Hendel / Tamar Hendel-Fishman (F / Croatia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Branko Hochwald / Raymond B. Harding (M / Croatia, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Fred Manasse (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Gioconda Sommerburg (F / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
- Andrew Viterbi
- Mika Adanja (M / Serbia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Dora Altarac (F / Bosnia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Blanka Buchler (F / Croatia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Roberto Civita (M / Italy, 1936-2013), Holocaust survivor
- Josef Dresdner (M / Romania, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Semi Feuer (M / Germany, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Heinz Grun (M / Austria, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Eva Hesse (F / Germany, 1936-1970), Holocaust survivor
- Miroslav Lang (M / Croatia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Bettina Langnas (F / Austria, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Edith Rosenthal (F / Yugoslavia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Wolfgang Schüfftan (M / Germany, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Antoinette Steuer (F / Poland, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Ace Strip / Asriel Stripounsky (M / Belgium, 1936), Holocaust survivor
- Derrit Blumenkranz (F / Austria, 1938), Holocaust survivor
- Dan Buchler (M / Croatia, 1938), Holocaust survivor
- Paula Dresdner (F / Romania, 1938), Holocaust survivor
- Sonja Finci (F / Yugoslavia, 1938), Holocaust survivor
- Rachel Frajerman (F / Poland / Italy, 1938), Holocaust survivor
- Anita Fried (F / Croatia, 1938), Holocaust survivor
- Paul Grin / Pavel Gruen (M / Yugoslavia, 1938), Holocaust survivor
- Lavoslav Rothstein (M / Croatia, 1938), Holocaust survivor
- Marela Adanja (F / Serbia, 1939), Holocaust survivor
- Hans-Jacob Bonne (M / Germany, 1939), Holocaust survivor
- Susanna Krauthamer (F / Germany / France, 1939), Holocaust survivor
- Franka Dresdner (F / Romania, 1940), Holocaust survivor
- Pietro Feilbogen (M / Austria / Italy, 1940), Holocaust survivor
Media in category "Holocaust Refugee Children, United States (subject)"
The following 2 files are in this category, out of 2 total.
- Max Rosa Krolik.jpg 1,601 × 1,200; 470 KB
- 2014 Pressman.jpg 400 × 601; 26 KB