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'''Buchenwald''' was a concentration camp in Germany. It was built mainly to accommodate political prisoners, but in the last months of a war a lot of inmates from concentration camps in the East (including children) were taken  to Buchenwald.
'''KZ Buchenwald''' (see [[Holocaust Children Studies]])


==The Buchenwald Boys ==
== Overview ==


* [https://www.scrapbookpages.com/Buchenwald/Liberation1.html The Buchenwald Children]
'''Buchenwald''' was a concentration camp in Germany, one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. It was built mainly to accommodate political prisoners, but in the last months of a war a lot of inmates from concentration camps in the East (including children) were taken  to Buchenwald.


When the U.S. Army liberated Buchenwald on April 11, 194, they found 21,000 inmates, of which 904 children. They were mostly adolescents; only around 30 of them were under 13.  
All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps.


Buchenwald was a labor camp for political prisoners, not an extermination camp for Jews. During the last year of the war, however, the Nazis began sending large numbers of Eastern European Jews to Buchenwald (including children) as a result of their failing war efforts. The children survived at Buchenwald because the political prisoners who ran the camp protected them, isolating them in a special barrack (Block 66), and other barracks.
== Liberation of Buchenwald ==


The establishment of the children’s block was led by Antonin Kalina, a Czech communist prisoner. Kalina, with the help of other political prisoners, was able to persuade the SS at Buchenwald to let them create a block for the new influx of adolescents coming in from the East. The block used for the children was conveniently located in the corner of the little camp, ensuring that it was as far away from the Nazi’s watch as possible.
On April 11th 1945, the 6th Armoured Division of the US army liberated Buchenwald concentration camp, making its inmates the first on German soil to be freed from the grip of the Nazis. By the end of the war, Buchenwald and its surrounding sub-camps made up the largest camp in Germany.
 
== The Buchenwald Children ==
 
Buchenwald was a labor camp. It was not meant to host children, if not adolescents who were fit to work as adults. Oftentimes, children lied about their ages to make them older. If discovered they were sent to Auschwitz or Bergen-Belsen to be killed.
 
In April 1943, there were only 142 inmates under the age of twenty. At this time, the smaller children were kept hidden in Block 8, located in the main camp.
 
During the last year of the war, however the Nazis began sending large numbers of Jewish Eastern European children to Buchenwald as a result of their failing war efforts. The Nazis were forced to evacuate other camps due to the Allied Powers closing in on the German fronts.
 
By the time December 1944 rolled around however, there were over 23,000 inmates under the age of 20, which was 37% percent of the population. The age group of specifically 14-18 year olds, was around eighty-five percent of the total number of children in the camp.
 
==== Block 66 ====
 
The establishment of the children's block was led by Antonin Kalina, a Czech communist prisoner.[1] Kalina, with the help of other political prisoners, was able to persuade the SS at Buchenwald to let them create a block for the new influx of adolescents coming in from the East.[8] The block used for the children was conveniently located in the corner of the little camp, ensuring that it was as far away from the Nazi's watch as possible.[1]


Every block had what was called a “block elder” who was responsible for ensuring that the inmates of their block went to roll-call, followed orders, did their work, and kept up with their daily tasks.[1] The block elder of Block 66 was Kalina, and he is primarily responsible for saving the lives of the 900 boys living in Block 66.
Every block had what was called a “block elder” who was responsible for ensuring that the inmates of their block went to roll-call, followed orders, did their work, and kept up with their daily tasks.[1] The block elder of Block 66 was Kalina, and he is primarily responsible for saving the lives of the 900 boys living in Block 66.


While conditions were not great anywhere in the camp, for the children of Block 66, they were slightly better. Unlike adults, most children could not fend off the disease, hunger, and physical and psychological trauma as well. Adults, specifically the communist prisoners directly tried to help the children. The other prisoners in Buchenwald did all that they could in their power to try and protect the children from the SS, and as the war was clearly ending, from being taken out on death marches.[8] Men would also give extra food to these starving boys and share packages from The Red Cross with them. Had there not been Block 66, most of these children would have perished in the camp.
While conditions were not great anywhere in the camp, for the children of Block 66, they were slightly better.[1] Unlike adults, most children could not fend off the disease, hunger, and physical and psychological trauma as well.[9] Adults, specifically the communist prisoners directly tried to help the children. The other prisoners in Buchenwald did all that they could in their power to try and protect the children from the SS, and as the war was clearly ending, from being taken out on death marches.[8] Men would also give extra food to these starving boys and share packages from the Red Cross with them.[1] Had there not been Block 66, most of these children would have perished in the camp.[8]
 
The children were not made to work in the camp, as most were too weak and young to do any actual labor. During the days, when it was possible, the children were taught songs in Yiddish and told stories by some elders and older children to keep them occupied and filled with hope for the outside world.[1]


The children were not made to work in the camp, as most were too weak and young to do any actual labor. During the days, when it was possible, the children were taught songs in Yiddish and told stories by some elders and older children to keep them occupied and filled with hope for the outside world.
Additionally, Kalina, to help protect the children in the barrack, made them change clothes, so as not to be dressed as Jews, and changed the Jewish sounding names of the boys, so that when the SS officers came by looking for Jews, he could tell them that there were none in his block.


Additionally, Kalina, to help protect the children in the barrack, made them change clothes, so as not to be dressed as Jews, and changed the Jewish sounding names of the boys, so that when the SS officers came by looking for Jews, he could tell them that there were none in his block
== Liberation ==


Most of the children were originally from Poland, though others came from Hungary, Slovenia and Ruthenia. Unsure of what to do with the child survivors, American army chaplains, Rabbi Herschel Schacter and Rabbi Robert Marcus, contacted the offices of the OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants), the Jewish children's relief organization in Geneva. They arranged to send 427 of the children to France, 280 to Switzerland and 250 to England. [Vivette Samuels reverses the figures for England and Switzerland in her monograph, "Sauver les Enfants."] On June 2, 1945 OSE representatives arrived in Buchenwald, and together with Rabbi Marcus escorted the transport of children to France. Rabbi Schacter accompanied the second transport to Switzerland. Because of the difficulty in finding clothing for the children, the boys were clad in Hitler Youth uniforms. This created a problem, for when the train crossed into France, it was greeted by an angry populace who assumed the train was carrying Nazi youth. Thereafter the words "KZ Buchenwald orphans" were painted on the outside of the train to avoid confusion.  
On April 11, 1945, at approximately 3:15 pm, Buchenwald was finally liberated by the U.S. Army; 21,000 inmates were liberated that day of which 904 were children. Among them were  [[Elie Wiesel]], [[Imre Kertész]], [[Yisrael Meir Lau]], [[David Perlmutter]], [[Izio Rosenman]], [[Thomas Geve]], [[Gert Schramm]] (the youngest African-German inmate) and the 4-years-old [[Stefan Jerzy Zweig]] and [[Joseph Schleifstein]].


On June 6, 1945 the French transport arrived at the Andelys station and the orphans were taken to a children's home in [[Ecouis]] (Eure). The home had been set up to accommodate young children, but in fact only 30 of the boys were below the age of 13. This was only one of the many problems faced by the OSE personnel, who were not prepared to handle a large group of demanding, rebellious teenagers who were full of anger for what they had experienced. At Ecouis the boys were given medical care, counseling and schooling until more permanent accommodations could be found. Most of the children remained only four to eight weeks at Ecouis before being moved elsewhere, and the home was closed in August 1945.


Among the first to leave were a group of 173 children who had family in Palestine. They were given immigration certificates and departed from Marseilles in July aboard the British vessel, the RMS Mataroa. The remaining boys at Ecouis were soon transferred to other residences and homes. Some of the older ones were sent to the Foyer d'Etudiants located on the rue Rollin in Paris, where they boarded while attending vocational training courses or working at jobs in the city. Others were sent to the Chateau de Boucicaut home in Fontenay-aux-Roses (Hauts-de-Seine). Many of the boys came from religiously observant homes. Since the OSE could not obtain kosher food for everyone, they divided the children into religious and non-religious groups. Dr. Charly Merzbach offered OSE the use of his estate, the Chateau d'[[Ambloy]] (Loir-et-Cher) for the summer, and between 90 and 100 boys chose to go there in order to receive kosher food and live in a religious environment. In October 1945 the children and staff of Ambloy were relocated to the Chateau de Vaucelles in Taverny (Val d'Oise). About 50 of the non-religious boys were taken to the Villa Concordiale in Le Vesinet (Yvelines) near Paris that housed an equal number of French Jewish orphans. In the summer they went to the Foyer de Champigny in Champigny-sur-Marne (Val-de-Marne). In all the homes attended by the Buchenwald children vocational training as well as regular classroom instruction was offered. At the same time OSE social workers made every effort to locate surviving relatives, succeeding in about half the cases. By the end of 1948 all of the Buchenwald children who had come to France had left the OSE fold and begun new lives for themselves.
[[File:Buchenwald Boys.jpg|700px]]


==Literature==
== After liberation ==


====1958====
After liberation, most children remained at Buchewald where they received medical attention, food, new clothing.


[[File:1958 Apitz.jpg|thumb|left|150px]]


'''Nackt unter Wölfen''' (Mitteldeutscher Verlag, 1958) is a semi-biographical novel, written by Holocaust survivor [[Bruno Apitz]] (1900-1979).
[[File:Buchenwald Children3.jpg|700px]]


ET : '''Naked Among Wolves''', translated by Edith Anderson (Berlin: Seven Seas Publishers, 1960).  
{Pictured on the far right is [[Salek Finkelstein]].}


The novel tells the story of prisoners in the Buchenwald concentration camp who risk their lives to hide a young Polish-Jewish boy. Apitz himself had been imprisoned in Buchenwald as a communist from 1937 to 1945. The boy, whose name in the novel is Stefan Cyliak, was revealed to be based on [[Stefan Jerzy Zweig]] after publication of the novel.


Translated into over 30 languages, winning worldwide recognition.
Many of the children needed time to recover, especially from frost-bite and malnutrition.


Adapted three times for a film--in 1960, 1963, and 2015.


==== 1984 ====
[[File:Buchenwald Children4.jpg|700px]]


[[File:2000 Hemmendinger.jpg|thumb|left|150px]]


'''Les enfants de Buchenwald: que sont devenus les 1000 enfants juifs sauvés en 1945?''' (Lausanne: Favre, 1984)  is a book by [[Judith Hemmendinger]].
[[File:Buchenwald Children6.jpg|700px]]


ET : '''The Children of Buchenwald: Child Survivors and Their Post-War Lives''' (2000) revised and edited by [[Robert Krell]] (Jerusalem and Hewlett, NY: Gefen House, 2000).


"Some of the 426 child survivors of Buchenwald tell their stories, from their lives in the camp, their liberation, and their struggle for normalcy and emotional well-being."--Publisher description.
[[File:Buchenwald Children8.jpg|500px]]


From Auschwitz to Liberation -- Arrival in France -- The children at Ambloy -- Lulek's story -- Romek's story -- Taverny -- Destinations- leaving Taverny -- Life journeys- 20 years later in New York -- Life journeys- France -- Life journeys- Israel -- Elie Wiesel -- Observations and conclusions.


[[Robert Krell]] is a Dutch child survivor and psychiatrist living in British Columbia.
[[File:Buchenwald Children5.jpg|700px]]


[[Judith Hemmendinger]] worked with many of the boys during their early period of transition in France.


==== 1996 ====
Most of the children were originally from Poland, though others came from Hungary, Slovenia and Ruthenia. Most of them were teenagers, but there was also a small group of around 20 younger children, including two four-year-old boys, [[Joseph Schleifstein]] and [[Stefan Jerzy Zweig]].


[[File:1996 Werber.jpg|thumb|left|150px]]
[[File:Buchenwald Children.jpg|700px]]


'''Saving Children: Diary of a Buchenwald Survivor and Rescuer''' (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991) is a book by Holocaust survivor [[Jack Werber]] (1914-2006), with [[William B Helmreich]].  
* [https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1067603 USHMM Collections] -- Among those pictured are first row (left to right): Lolek Blum, [[David Perlmutter]], Birenbaum, [[Stefan Jerzy Zweig]], [[Stephen Jacobs]] (?) and [[Yisrael Meir Lau]] (middle row, far right). Middle row: Nathan Szwarc, Jack Neeman, Berek Silber, [[Jakub Finkelstajn]] (Jacques Finkel), unidentified, Marek Milstein, and [[Salek Finkelstein]]. Back row: Elek Grinbaum [or Grinberg], [[Chaim Finkelstajn]] (Charles Finkel), [[Romek Wajsman]] (Wekselman), and [[Abe Chapnick]]. The boys are dressed in outfits made from German uniforms due to a clothing shortage.


"This is a remarkable story of survival, resistance, and courage. Jack Werber spent five and a half years in Buchenwald, one of Hitler's most notorious concentration camps. More than 56,000 inmates were put to death there and, out of 3,200 Polish prisoners who entered the camp together with Werber, only eleven were alive by war's end. Of those, he was the only Jew ... But Werber did more than survive; he helped others survive. In what is truly one of the most amazing stories to come out of the Holocaust, Jack Werber helped to save the lives of some 700 Jewish children who had arrived at Buchenwald in late 1944. Shortly before that Werber had learned that his entire family his wife, daughter, parents, and seven brothers and sisters had all been murdered by the Nazis. "There was no reason to go on," he had thought, but seeing the children transformed his outlook. He resolved to do everything in his power to prevent them from meeting his daughter's fate ... Werber is one of the very few Jews to belong to the camp underground. Together with several other Jews, he made saving children his special mission. At great personal risk, he arranged for them to be hidden in various barracks and to be given false working papers. Incredibly, he and his group actually started a school where the children studied Jewish history, music, and the Hebrew language. These activities gave the youngsters hope that they might survive and ultimately most of them did ... This story of resilience and courage has never been told before, despite the thousands of books that have appeared about the Holocaust. In Saving Children, we learn how it was achieved. Werber describes in fascinating detail what life in Buchenwald was like, providing much new information about the daily struggle for existence that characterized life in the camp. Above all, he shows how it was possible to remain human and to act with compassion, even in the face of enormous cruelty and barbarism."--Publisher description.


==== 2007 ====
[[File:Buchenwald Children2.jpg|700px]]


[[File:2007 Niven.jpg|thumb|left|150px]]


'''The Buchenwald Child: Truth, Fiction, and Propaganda''' (Rochester, NY: Camden House, 1991) is a book by [[William John Niven]].  
In spite of the loss of their families and the uncertainties about the future, children enjoyed freedom and resumed their ties with their Jewish identity. American chaplain Rabbi Hershel Schaecter conducted Shavuot services for Buchenwald survivors shortly after liberation.


"At the notorious Buchenwald concentration camp, communist prisoners organized resistance against the SS and even planned an uprising. They helped rescue a three-year-old Jewish boy, [[Stefan Jerzy Zweig]], from certain death in the gas chambers. After the war, his story became a focus for the German Democratic Republic's celebration of its resistance to the Nazis.
Now Bill Niven tells the true story of Stefan Zweig: what actually happened to him in Buchenwald, how he was protected, and at what price. He explores the (mis)representation of Zweig's rescue in East Germany and what this reveals about that country's understanding of its Nazi past. Finally he looks at the telling of the Zweig rescue story since German unification: a story told in the GDR to praise communists has become a story used to condemn them."--Publisher description.


[[William John Niven]], Professor of Contemporary German History at the Nottingham Trent University, UK.
[[File:Buchenwald Shavuot.jpg|700px]]


==== 2011 ====
== Leaving Buchenwald ==


[[File:2011 Lau.jpg|thumb|left|150px]]
Most children did not have a place to go.


'''Out of the Depths: The Story of a Child of Buchenwald Who Returned Home at Last''' (New York: Sterling Pub.: In conjunction with OU Press, 2011) is the memoir written by Holocaust survivor [[Yisrael Meir Lau]] (b.1937). 


KEYWORDS:  <Poland> <[[Buchenwald]]>
[[File:Buchenwald Children7.jpg|700px]]


"Israel Meir Lau, one of the youngest survivors of Buchenwald, was just eight years old when the camp was liberated in 1945. Descended from a 1,000-year unbroken chain of rabbis, he grew up to become Chief Rabbi of Israel--and like many of the great rabbis, Lau is a master storyteller. Out of the Depths is his harrowing, miraculous, and inspiring account of life in one of the Nazis' deadliest concentration camps, and how he managed to survive against all possible odds.
Lau, who lost most of his family in the Holocaust, also chronicles his life after the war, including his emigration to Mandate Palestine during a period that coincides with the development of the State of Israel. The story continues up through today, with that once-lost boy of eight now a brilliant, charismatic, and world-revered figure who has visited with Popes John Paul and Benedict; the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, and countless global leaders including Ronald Reagan, Bill and Hillary Clinton, and Tony Blair."--Publisher description.


[[Yisrael Meir Lau]] (Poland, 1937)
Unsure of what to do with the child survivors, American army chaplains, Rabbi Herschel Schacter and Rabbi Robert Marcus, contacted the offices of the OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants), the Jewish children's relief organization in Geneva. They arranged to send 427 of the children to France, 280 to Switzerland and 250 to England. [Vivette Samuels reverses the figures for England and Switzerland in her monograph, "Sauver les Enfants."]  


====2012====


[[File:2012 Cohen.jpg|thumb|left|150px]]
[[File:Leaving Buchenwald France.jpg|700px]]


'''Kinderblock 66: Return to Buchenwald''' (USA, 2012) is a documentary directed by [[Rob L. Cohen]], featuring four Holocaust child survivors: [[Israel Laszlo Lazar]] (Romania, 1930), [[Pavel Kohn]] (Czechia, 1929), [[Alex Moskovic]] (Slovakia, 1931), and [[Naftali Furst]] (Slovakia, 1933).


* Available online: [https://video-alexanderstreet-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/watch/kinderblock-66 UM Libraries]
[[File:Leaving Buchenwald France2.jpg|700px]]


"Kinderblock 66 is the story of four men who, as young boys, were imprisoned by the Nazis in the notorious Buchenwald concentration camp and who, sixty-five years later, return to commemorate the sixty-fifth anniversary of their liberation. The film tells the story of the effort undertaken by the camp's Communist-led underground to protect ad save Jewish children who were arriving in Buchenwald toward the end of the Holocaust. Kinderblock 66 also tells the story of Antonin Kalina, the head of the block who was personally responsible for saving 904 boys in Buchenwald."--Publisher description.


[[Rob L. Cohen]], filmmaker.
On June 2, 1945 OSE representatives arrived in Buchenwald, and together with Rabbi Marcus escorted the transport of children to France. Rabbi Schacter accompanied the second transport to Switzerland. Because of the difficulty in finding clothing for the children, the boys were clad in Hitler Youth uniforms. This created a problem, for when the train crossed into France, it was greeted by an angry populace who assumed the train was carrying Nazi youth. Thereafter the words "KZ Buchenwald orphans" were painted on the outside of the train to avoid confusion. On June 6, 1945 the French transport arrived at the Andelys station and the orphans were taken to a children's home in Ecouis (Eure). The home had been set up to accommodate young children, but in fact only 30 of the boys were below the age of 13. This was only one of the many problems faced by the OSE personnel, who were not prepared to handle a large group of demanding, rebellious teenagers who were full of anger for what they had experienced. At Ecouis the boys were given medical care, counseling and schooling until more permanent accommodations could be found. Most of the children remained only four to eight weeks at Ecouis before being moved elsewhere, and the home was closed in August 1945. Among the first to leave were a group of 173 children who had family in Palestine. They were given immigration certificates and departed from Marseilles in July aboard the British vessel, the RMS Mataroa. The remaining boys at Ecouis were soon transferred to other residences and homes. Some of the older ones were sent to the Foyer d'Etudiants located on the rue Rollin in Paris, where they boarded while attending vocational training courses or working at jobs in the city. Others were sent to the Chateau de Boucicaut home in Fontenay-aux-Roses (Hauts-de-Seine). Many of the boys came from religiously observant homes. Since the OSE could not obtain kosher food for everyone, they divided the children into religious and non-religious groups. Dr. Charly Merzbach offered OSE the use of his estate, the Chateau d'Ambloy (Loir-et-Cher) for the summer, and between 90 and 100 boys chose to go there in order to receive kosher food and live in a religious environment. In October 1945 the children and staff of Ambloy were relocated to the Chateau de Vaucelles in Taverny (Val d'Oise). About 50 of the non-religious boys were taken to the Villa Concordiale in Le Vesinet (Yvelines) near Paris that housed an equal number of French Jewish orphans. In the summer they went to the Foyer de Champigny in Champigny-sur-Marne (Val-de-Marne). In all the homes attended by the Buchenwald children vocational training as well as regular classroom instruction was offered. At the same time OSE social workers made every effort to locate surviving relatives, succeeding in about half the cases. By the end of 1948 all of the Buchenwald children who had come to France had left the OSE fold and begun new lives for themselves.


==== 2013 ====
== Switzerland ==  


[[File:2013 Weinberg.jpg|thumb|left|150px]]
On June 23, 1945, 350 young people and children from Buchenwald arrived in Switzerland. She was accompanied by Rabbi Herschel Schacter, who, as a member of the US Army, looked after the liberated Jews in Buchenwald. What preceded that?


'''Boy 30529: A Memoir''' (London & New York: Verso, 2013) is the memoir written by Holocaust survivor [[Felix Weinberg]] (1928-2012).
On April 22, 1945, eleven days after the Buchenwald concentration camp was liberated, the Jewish Aid Committee went public with an appeal: “Save the rest of the Jewish youth in Central Europe!” On the same day, Herschel Schacter wrote a request for help to the Œuvre de office secours aux enfants (OSE) in Geneva. The Jewish Children's Fund, based in Paris, reacted immediately, and Jewish organizations in Switzerland, France and the USA looked for opportunities to take in the young people. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and the Red Cross helped.


KEYWORDS: <Czechoslovakia> <[[Theresienstadt]]> <[[Auschwitz]]> <[[Buchenwald]]>
Shavuot celebration with Rabbi Herschel Schacter in the cinema barrack in Buchenwald, May 18, 1945.
Photo: Charles W. Herr (National Archives at College Park, Maryland)
The majority of the 904 minors who were counted among the survivors of the camp in mid-April 1945 were older than 15 years. The few children among them survived through the solidarity of political prisoners. The youngest, four-year-old Janek Szlajfstajn and Stefan Jerzy Zweig, were hidden in the prisoner infirmary and in the small camp; Soviet prisoners hid 11-year-old Menek Schiller in Block 30; his two-year-old brother survived with other children under the protection of the Jewish prisoners in Block 23; 6-year-old Isaak Goldblum was accommodated in “Children's Block 66” in the Small Camp and 7-year-old Israel Lau in “Children's Block 8”.


"In 1939 twelve-year-old Felix Weinberg fell into the hands of the Nazis. Imprisoned for most of his teenage life, Felix survived five concentration camps, including Terezin, Auschwitz, and Birkenau, barely surviving the Death March from Blechhammer in 1945. After losing his mother and brother in the camps, he was liberated at Buchenwald and eventually reunited at seventeen with his father in Britain, where they built a new life together. Boy 30529 is an extraordinary memoir of the Holocaust, as well as a moving meditation on the nature of memory.."--Publisher description.
Janek Szlajfstajn, the youngest survivor of Buchenwald, before leaving for Switzerland, June 19, 1945.
Photo: George A. Haynia (National Archives at College Park, Maryland)
Most of the Jewish youth in Buchenwald were orphans without a home. The Schiller brothers found their mother in the former Meuselwitz subcamp. Individuals joined their national group trips home. The 17-year-old Leopold Huppert drove to Prague with the liberated Czechs in May 1945. He and other young people from Theresienstadt, Dachau and Buchenwald were accepted at Štiřín Castle. There was one of the rest homes that the pedagogue Přemysl Pitter had opened to take in orphaned Jewish youths in vacant castles.


[[Felix Weinberg]] (Czechia, 1928-2012)
Departure of the train for France from Buchenwald station, June 5, 1945.
Photo: James E. Myers (National Archives at College Park, Maryland)
On June 5, 1945, the first passenger train with Jewish youth and children left Weimar station. 427 young people - boys from Buchenwald and girls from Bergen-Belsen - drove to the French town of Écouis, where they were warmly welcomed. They should recover, connect with loved ones and decide on their future path. In addition to France and Switzerland, Great Britain also took in hundreds of young Jews in the summer of that year.


==== 2019 ====
Before leaving for France, June 5, 1945.
(Willy Fogel; Buchenwald Memorial)
"Vo are our parents? ir Nazi murderers… ”wrote 15-year-old Josek Dziubak, one of the boys from Block 66, in chalk on one of the trains to France. It took him two years to find relatives who brought him to the United States. Another member of the group, Robert Wajcman, said of the photo many years later: “Joe really spoke for us all. We had all just begun to understand how few of our family members were still alive. "


[[File:2019 Perlmutter.jpg|thumb|left|150px]]
== Children in Block 66 ==


'''Une enfance à nulle autre pareille''' (2019) is the memoir written by Holocaust survivor [[David Perlmutter]] (1937).
* [[Jacques Ribons]] / Jakob Rybsztajn''' (M / Poland, 1927)


KEYWORDS: <Poland> <Lodz Ghetto> <Buchenwald> <OSE Orphanage>
* [[Henry Kinast]] (M / 1929)


"Dès 1994, le regretté Jorge Semprun écrivait dans son livre ''L'ECRITURE OU LA VIE'' qu'un jour, relativement proche, il n'y aura plus aucun survivant de Buchenwald pour dire et raconter d'une manière directe, ce qu'a été la survie dans un camp de concentration nazi. Aujourd'hui, presque 25 ans après, ce livre est un des derniers témoignages, sinon peut-être le dernier, à rassembler des souvenirs personnels ainsi que des faits racontés par des adultes dignes de foi, d'un enfant juif qui a survécu à des années de ghetto, puis d'un camp de travail, enfin, d'un camp de concentration, et qui a été libéré à tout juste 8 ans."--Publisher description.
* [[Bernard Ribons]] / Berek Rybsztajn (M / Poland, 1929-2011)


David Perlmutter (b.1937) was born on 8 April 1937 in Lodz. Grew up in the Lodz Ghetto. Deported to Buchenwald. He was one the youngest child Holocaust survivors at Buchenwald. At the OSE orphanage in France, David formed a strong bound with [[Yisrael Meir Lau]] and [[Izio Rosenman]]. David would remain in France all his life.
* [[Thomas Geve]]
 
[[Naftali Fürst]], [[Pavel Kohn]], [[Israel-Laszlo Lazar]] and [[Alex Moskovic]]
 
==== Other prisoners of Block 66 ====
 
* [[Frank Dobia]] (b.1926)
 
== Children in Block 8 ==
 
* [[Elie Buzyn]] (M / Poland, 1929)
 
* [[Zoltan Blau]] (M / Hungary, 1930)
* [[Abe Chapnick]] (M / Poland, 1930-2016)
 
* [[Romek Wajsman]] / Robbie Waisman (M / Poland, 1931)
 
* [[Yisrael Meir Lau]] (M / Poland, 1937)


==Child survivors==
==Child survivors==
Line 141: Line 164:
* Joe Majer = Salomon Majer
* Joe Majer = Salomon Majer
* Philip Kanner = Fajwen Kaner
* Philip Kanner = Fajwen Kaner
* Jerry Kapelus = Jakob Kapelusz
* [[Jerry Kapelus]] = Jakob Kapelusz
* Ted "Booby" Lowy (Lewy) = Theodor Lowy
* Ted "Booby" Lowy (Lewy) = Theodor Lowy
* Eddy Balter = Elias Balter  
* Eddy Balter = Elias Balter  
* Willy Fogel = Wolf Vogel / Wolf Fojgel
* [[Willy Fogel]] = Wolf Vogel / Wolf Fojgel
* Max Kosuch
* Max Kosuch
* Robbie Waisman = Romek Wajsman
* Robbie Waisman = [[Romek Wajsman]]
* Leon Friedman
* Leon Friedman
* Szaja Chaskiel
* Szaja Chaskiel
Line 156: Line 179:
Yossl Baker, Henry Salter
Yossl Baker, Henry Salter


[[Kuba Enoch]], [[George Grojnowski]] and [[Jack Meister]] (see YouTube)
== External links ==


[[Ivar Segalowitz]] is the son of Boris and Erna Segalowitz. He was born on August 17, 1930 in Klaipeda [Memel], Lithuania, where Boris ran a prosperous flax exporting business. Ivar attended a Hebrew speaking Tarbut school and joined the Zionist youth movement, Hashomer Hatzair. Klaipeda, which had a significant ethnic German population, was annexed by Nazi Germany on March 29, 1939. Soon after, the Segalowitz family, along with most of the city's Jewish population, fled to the Lithuanian interior. Ivar's family went to Siauliai for three weeks before moving to Panevezys, where Boris went back to work in the flax business. After the Soviet annexation of Lithuania in the summer of 1940, the authorities ordered the Segalowitz family, whom they considered to be German citizens, to move to Kaunas. One year later, on June 22, 1941, Germany invaded Lithuania and immediately initiated an assault on its Jewish population. In August, the Segalowitz family, along with the entire Jewish community of Kaunas, was forced into the Kovno ghetto, situated in the Slobodka district. The family survived several large scale actions that took the lives of over one-third of the ghetto's population. For the next three years Boris and Erna worked in forced labor battalions and Ivar in a metalworks shop organized by ORT. When the ghetto was liquidated in July 1944, Erna was deported to Stutthof, where she perished. Ivar and his father were taken by train to Landsberg, a subcamp of Dachau. They were separated after their arrival and never saw one another again. From Landsberg, Ivar was sent to Dachau, where he was included in a group of 129 children being deported to Auschwitz. After his arrival Ivar was put to work on a farm in Birkenau, where he was able to stay alive by eating some of the horse's food. Eventually, Ivar was transferred to Buchenwald, where he was liberated at the age of 14 on April 11, 1945. Shortly thereafter, representatives of the OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants) came to the camp and arranged for the transport of 430 Jewish children, Ivar among them, to an OSE children's home in Ecouis, France. There they received medical care, counseling and schooling before being divided into smaller groups and sent elsewhere. Ivar was among a group of six to ten boys who were sent to Champigny, another OSE home near Paris. While living there, Ivar attended vocational school in Paris. In April 1947 his aunt and uncle, Walter and Margot Lepane, who had come to America in 1938, sponsored his immigration to the United States.
* [[Buchenwald Children France]]
* [[Buchenwald Children Switzerland]]

Latest revision as of 13:56, 12 May 2023

KZ Buchenwald (see Holocaust Children Studies)

Overview

Buchenwald was a concentration camp in Germany, one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. It was built mainly to accommodate political prisoners, but in the last months of a war a lot of inmates from concentration camps in the East (including children) were taken to Buchenwald.

All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories. The insufficient food and poor conditions, as well as deliberate executions, led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps.

Liberation of Buchenwald

On April 11th 1945, the 6th Armoured Division of the US army liberated Buchenwald concentration camp, making its inmates the first on German soil to be freed from the grip of the Nazis. By the end of the war, Buchenwald and its surrounding sub-camps made up the largest camp in Germany.

The Buchenwald Children

Buchenwald was a labor camp. It was not meant to host children, if not adolescents who were fit to work as adults. Oftentimes, children lied about their ages to make them older. If discovered they were sent to Auschwitz or Bergen-Belsen to be killed.

In April 1943, there were only 142 inmates under the age of twenty. At this time, the smaller children were kept hidden in Block 8, located in the main camp.

During the last year of the war, however the Nazis began sending large numbers of Jewish Eastern European children to Buchenwald as a result of their failing war efforts. The Nazis were forced to evacuate other camps due to the Allied Powers closing in on the German fronts.

By the time December 1944 rolled around however, there were over 23,000 inmates under the age of 20, which was 37% percent of the population. The age group of specifically 14-18 year olds, was around eighty-five percent of the total number of children in the camp.

Block 66

The establishment of the children's block was led by Antonin Kalina, a Czech communist prisoner.[1] Kalina, with the help of other political prisoners, was able to persuade the SS at Buchenwald to let them create a block for the new influx of adolescents coming in from the East.[8] The block used for the children was conveniently located in the corner of the little camp, ensuring that it was as far away from the Nazi's watch as possible.[1]

Every block had what was called a “block elder” who was responsible for ensuring that the inmates of their block went to roll-call, followed orders, did their work, and kept up with their daily tasks.[1] The block elder of Block 66 was Kalina, and he is primarily responsible for saving the lives of the 900 boys living in Block 66.

While conditions were not great anywhere in the camp, for the children of Block 66, they were slightly better.[1] Unlike adults, most children could not fend off the disease, hunger, and physical and psychological trauma as well.[9] Adults, specifically the communist prisoners directly tried to help the children. The other prisoners in Buchenwald did all that they could in their power to try and protect the children from the SS, and as the war was clearly ending, from being taken out on death marches.[8] Men would also give extra food to these starving boys and share packages from the Red Cross with them.[1] Had there not been Block 66, most of these children would have perished in the camp.[8]

The children were not made to work in the camp, as most were too weak and young to do any actual labor. During the days, when it was possible, the children were taught songs in Yiddish and told stories by some elders and older children to keep them occupied and filled with hope for the outside world.[1]

Additionally, Kalina, to help protect the children in the barrack, made them change clothes, so as not to be dressed as Jews, and changed the Jewish sounding names of the boys, so that when the SS officers came by looking for Jews, he could tell them that there were none in his block.

Liberation

On April 11, 1945, at approximately 3:15 pm, Buchenwald was finally liberated by the U.S. Army; 21,000 inmates were liberated that day of which 904 were children. Among them were Elie Wiesel, Imre Kertész, Yisrael Meir Lau, David Perlmutter, Izio Rosenman, Thomas Geve, Gert Schramm (the youngest African-German inmate) and the 4-years-old Stefan Jerzy Zweig and Joseph Schleifstein.


Buchenwald Boys.jpg

After liberation

After liberation, most children remained at Buchewald where they received medical attention, food, new clothing.


Buchenwald Children3.jpg

{Pictured on the far right is Salek Finkelstein.}


Many of the children needed time to recover, especially from frost-bite and malnutrition.


Buchenwald Children4.jpg


Buchenwald Children6.jpg


Buchenwald Children8.jpg


Buchenwald Children5.jpg


Most of the children were originally from Poland, though others came from Hungary, Slovenia and Ruthenia. Most of them were teenagers, but there was also a small group of around 20 younger children, including two four-year-old boys, Joseph Schleifstein and Stefan Jerzy Zweig.

Buchenwald Children.jpg


Buchenwald Children2.jpg


In spite of the loss of their families and the uncertainties about the future, children enjoyed freedom and resumed their ties with their Jewish identity. American chaplain Rabbi Hershel Schaecter conducted Shavuot services for Buchenwald survivors shortly after liberation.


Buchenwald Shavuot.jpg

Leaving Buchenwald

Most children did not have a place to go.


Buchenwald Children7.jpg


Unsure of what to do with the child survivors, American army chaplains, Rabbi Herschel Schacter and Rabbi Robert Marcus, contacted the offices of the OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants), the Jewish children's relief organization in Geneva. They arranged to send 427 of the children to France, 280 to Switzerland and 250 to England. [Vivette Samuels reverses the figures for England and Switzerland in her monograph, "Sauver les Enfants."]


Leaving Buchenwald France.jpg


Leaving Buchenwald France2.jpg


On June 2, 1945 OSE representatives arrived in Buchenwald, and together with Rabbi Marcus escorted the transport of children to France. Rabbi Schacter accompanied the second transport to Switzerland. Because of the difficulty in finding clothing for the children, the boys were clad in Hitler Youth uniforms. This created a problem, for when the train crossed into France, it was greeted by an angry populace who assumed the train was carrying Nazi youth. Thereafter the words "KZ Buchenwald orphans" were painted on the outside of the train to avoid confusion. On June 6, 1945 the French transport arrived at the Andelys station and the orphans were taken to a children's home in Ecouis (Eure). The home had been set up to accommodate young children, but in fact only 30 of the boys were below the age of 13. This was only one of the many problems faced by the OSE personnel, who were not prepared to handle a large group of demanding, rebellious teenagers who were full of anger for what they had experienced. At Ecouis the boys were given medical care, counseling and schooling until more permanent accommodations could be found. Most of the children remained only four to eight weeks at Ecouis before being moved elsewhere, and the home was closed in August 1945. Among the first to leave were a group of 173 children who had family in Palestine. They were given immigration certificates and departed from Marseilles in July aboard the British vessel, the RMS Mataroa. The remaining boys at Ecouis were soon transferred to other residences and homes. Some of the older ones were sent to the Foyer d'Etudiants located on the rue Rollin in Paris, where they boarded while attending vocational training courses or working at jobs in the city. Others were sent to the Chateau de Boucicaut home in Fontenay-aux-Roses (Hauts-de-Seine). Many of the boys came from religiously observant homes. Since the OSE could not obtain kosher food for everyone, they divided the children into religious and non-religious groups. Dr. Charly Merzbach offered OSE the use of his estate, the Chateau d'Ambloy (Loir-et-Cher) for the summer, and between 90 and 100 boys chose to go there in order to receive kosher food and live in a religious environment. In October 1945 the children and staff of Ambloy were relocated to the Chateau de Vaucelles in Taverny (Val d'Oise). About 50 of the non-religious boys were taken to the Villa Concordiale in Le Vesinet (Yvelines) near Paris that housed an equal number of French Jewish orphans. In the summer they went to the Foyer de Champigny in Champigny-sur-Marne (Val-de-Marne). In all the homes attended by the Buchenwald children vocational training as well as regular classroom instruction was offered. At the same time OSE social workers made every effort to locate surviving relatives, succeeding in about half the cases. By the end of 1948 all of the Buchenwald children who had come to France had left the OSE fold and begun new lives for themselves.

Switzerland

On June 23, 1945, 350 young people and children from Buchenwald arrived in Switzerland. She was accompanied by Rabbi Herschel Schacter, who, as a member of the US Army, looked after the liberated Jews in Buchenwald. What preceded that?

On April 22, 1945, eleven days after the Buchenwald concentration camp was liberated, the Jewish Aid Committee went public with an appeal: “Save the rest of the Jewish youth in Central Europe!” On the same day, Herschel Schacter wrote a request for help to the Œuvre de office secours aux enfants (OSE) in Geneva. The Jewish Children's Fund, based in Paris, reacted immediately, and Jewish organizations in Switzerland, France and the USA looked for opportunities to take in the young people. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and the Red Cross helped.

Shavuot celebration with Rabbi Herschel Schacter in the cinema barrack in Buchenwald, May 18, 1945. Photo: Charles W. Herr (National Archives at College Park, Maryland) The majority of the 904 minors who were counted among the survivors of the camp in mid-April 1945 were older than 15 years. The few children among them survived through the solidarity of political prisoners. The youngest, four-year-old Janek Szlajfstajn and Stefan Jerzy Zweig, were hidden in the prisoner infirmary and in the small camp; Soviet prisoners hid 11-year-old Menek Schiller in Block 30; his two-year-old brother survived with other children under the protection of the Jewish prisoners in Block 23; 6-year-old Isaak Goldblum was accommodated in “Children's Block 66” in the Small Camp and 7-year-old Israel Lau in “Children's Block 8”.

Janek Szlajfstajn, the youngest survivor of Buchenwald, before leaving for Switzerland, June 19, 1945. Photo: George A. Haynia (National Archives at College Park, Maryland) Most of the Jewish youth in Buchenwald were orphans without a home. The Schiller brothers found their mother in the former Meuselwitz subcamp. Individuals joined their national group trips home. The 17-year-old Leopold Huppert drove to Prague with the liberated Czechs in May 1945. He and other young people from Theresienstadt, Dachau and Buchenwald were accepted at Štiřín Castle. There was one of the rest homes that the pedagogue Přemysl Pitter had opened to take in orphaned Jewish youths in vacant castles.

Departure of the train for France from Buchenwald station, June 5, 1945. Photo: James E. Myers (National Archives at College Park, Maryland) On June 5, 1945, the first passenger train with Jewish youth and children left Weimar station. 427 young people - boys from Buchenwald and girls from Bergen-Belsen - drove to the French town of Écouis, where they were warmly welcomed. They should recover, connect with loved ones and decide on their future path. In addition to France and Switzerland, Great Britain also took in hundreds of young Jews in the summer of that year.

Before leaving for France, June 5, 1945. (Willy Fogel; Buchenwald Memorial) "Vo are our parents? ir Nazi murderers… ”wrote 15-year-old Josek Dziubak, one of the boys from Block 66, in chalk on one of the trains to France. It took him two years to find relatives who brought him to the United States. Another member of the group, Robert Wajcman, said of the photo many years later: “Joe really spoke for us all. We had all just begun to understand how few of our family members were still alive. "

Children in Block 66

Naftali Fürst, Pavel Kohn, Israel-Laszlo Lazar and Alex Moskovic

Other prisoners of Block 66

Children in Block 8

Child survivors

Non-identified children

Zysio Abramovicz, <Abram Czapnik>, Albert Dymant, Joseph Fachler, Léon Frydman, Moritz Freilich, Idek Goldmann, Lejzor Grunberg, Israel Grojsman, Jakob Kapelusz, Mayer Kilsztok, Léon Lewkowicz and Hersch Unger.

<Abram Chapnik>, Henri and Albert Dymant, Jozef Dziubak, <Salek Finkelstein>, <Wolf Fojgel>, Idel Goldblum, Jochan Goldkrantz, <Jakob Kapelusz>, Nachman Klugmann, Max Kozuch, Manfred Lewin, <Theodore Lowy>, Szymk Michalowicz, Hans Oster, Salek Rotschild, Salek Sandowski, Abram Schilcott, Jozef Schwarczberg, Moniek Solarz, Hersch Unger, Usher, Ivar Segalowitz, Moishe Shapiro, <Romek Wajsman> and Lolek Weinstein


  • Joe Majer = Salomon Majer
  • Philip Kanner = Fajwen Kaner
  • Jerry Kapelus = Jakob Kapelusz
  • Ted "Booby" Lowy (Lewy) = Theodor Lowy
  • Eddy Balter = Elias Balter
  • Willy Fogel = Wolf Vogel / Wolf Fojgel
  • Max Kosuch
  • Robbie Waisman = Romek Wajsman
  • Leon Friedman
  • Szaja Chaskiel

Nathan Swarc, <Romek Wajsman>, Leon Friedman, Hershel Ungar (Unger), Jakob Kapelusz, Beniek Mrowka

Abram Gzapnik, Herchel Unger, Joseph Fachler, Marek Lozinski, Heersh Linger

Yossl Baker, Henry Salter

Kuba Enoch, George Grojnowski and Jack Meister (see YouTube)

External links

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Pages in category "Buchenwald (subject)"

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