Scholarship and Fiction (overview)

Scholarship and Fiction on Second Temple Judaism have developed since the XVI century. Below is a list of some of the most influential works.

Scholarship and Fiction (2000s)

Scholarship

• Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations (2007 Goodman), book
• Jesus and Yahweh: The Names Divine (2005 Bloom), book
• Enoch and Qumran Origins (2005 Boccaccini), edited volume
• A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (2004- Grabbe), book
• From Joshua to Caiaphas (2004 VanderKam), book
• Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas (2003 Pagels), book
• Roots of Rabbinic Judaism (2002 Boccaccini), book
• 1 Enoch: A Commentary (2001 Nickelsburg), book
• Reinventing Paul (2000 Gager), book
• Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (2000 Schiffman/VanderKam), edited volume
• Flavius Josephus, translation and commentary (2000- Mason), edited volume

Fiction

• John's Story (2006 LaHaye/Jenkins), novel
• The Handmaid and the Carpenter (2006 Berg), novel
• Color of the Cross (2006 LaMarre), film
• Christ the Lord. Vol. 1: Out of Egypt (2005 Rice), novel
• The Passion of the Christ (2004 Gibson), film
• The Da Vinci Code (2003 Brown), novel
• Paul (2000 Wangerin), novel

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (2000s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (2000s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (2000s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (2000s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1990s)

Scholarship

• Beyond the Essene Hypothesis (1998 Boccaccini), book
• Des historische Jesus: Ein Lehrbuch (1996 Theissen/Merz), book
• The Flourishing of Jewish Sects in the Maccabean Era (1997 Baumgarten), book
• Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? (1995 Golb), book
• The Origin of Satan (1995 Pagels), book
• The Scepter and the Star (1995 Collins), book
• The Dead Sea Scrolls Today (1994 VanderKam), book
• Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls (1994 Schiffman), book
• Storia del Secondo Tempio (1994 Sacchi), book
• A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity (1994 Boyarin), book
• Los hombres de Qumrán (1993 García Martínez/Trebolle Barrera), book
• Judaism: Practice and Belief (1992 Sanders), book
• The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism (1992 Mendels), book
• Textos de Qumrán (1992 García Martínez), book
• Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1992 Charlesworth), edited volume
• Pharisäer, Sadduzäer, Essener (1991 Stemberger), book
• From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism (1991 Schiffman), book
• A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus (1991-2001 Meier), book
• Middle Judaism (1991 Boccaccini), book
• Paul the Convert (1990 Segal), book

Fiction

• The Gospel According to the Son (1997 Mailer), novel
• Qumran (1996 Abécassis), novel
• Requiem (1995 Joyce), novel
• Live from Golgotha (1992 Vidal), novel
• The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception (1991 Baigent), arch-fi

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1990s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1990s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1990s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1990s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1980s)

Scholarship

• ¿El manuscrito más antiguo de los Evangelios?: El fragmento de Marcos en Qumrán y los comienzos de la tradición escrita del Nuevo Testamento (1989 Thiede), book (Spanish ed.)
• Jesús de Nazaret: su vida, su época, sus enseñanzas (1989 Klausner), book (Spanish ed.)
• La sinagoga cristiana (1989 Montserrat Torrents), book
• El judaísmo: desde el destierro hasta el tiempo de Jesús (1988 Tassin), book (Spanish ed.)
• El Targum de Isaías: la versión aramea del profeta Isaías (1988 Ribera Florit), book
• Jesus within Judaism (1988 Charlesworth), book
• Del movimiento de Jesús a la Iglesia cristiana (1987 Aguirre), book
• Judaisms and their Messiahs (1987 Neusner), edited volume
• From the Maccabees to the Mishnah (1987 Cohen), book
• Los caminos y sentidos de la Palabra divina en la Escritura: Derás targúmico y Derás neotestamentario (1987 Muñoz León), book
• Los manuscritos del Mar Muerto (1987 Vermès), book (Spanish ed.)
• Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World (1986 Segal), book
• Early Judaism and Its Modern Interpreters (1986 Kraft/Nickelsburg), edited volume
• Filón de Alejandría y la génesis de la cultura occidental (1986 Martín), book
• Salvación en la Palabra: Targum, Derash, Berith (1986 Muñoz León), edited volume
• Ambiente político del pueblo judío en tiempos de Jesús (1985 Guevara), book
• Historia del pueblo judío en tiempos de Jesús (1985 Schürer), book (Spanish ed.)
• Jerusalén en tiempos de Jesús (1985 Jeremias), book (Spanish ed.)
• La Septuaginta en la investigación contemporánea (1985 Fernández Marcos), edited volume
• Apócrifos del Antiguo Testamento (1984-2009 Díez Macho/Piñero Sáenz), edited volume
• Historia de Israel y de Judá: Desde los orígenes hasta el siglo II d.C. (1984 Castel), book (Spanish ed.)
• Historia política de Israel: desde los orígenes a Alejandro Magno (1984 Cazelles), book (Spanish ed.)
• Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period (1984 Stone), edited volume
• Judaism in the Beginning of Christianity (1984 Neusner), book
• The Apocalyptic Imagination (1984 Collins), book
• The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (1983-1985 Charlesworth), edited volume
• Palabra y Gloria: Excursus en la Biblia y en la literatura intertestamentaria (1983 Muñoz León), book
• Qumrán y el Nuevo Testamento (1982 Casciaro Rodríguez), book
• Introducción a la literatura esenia de Qumrán (1982 Delcor/García Martínez), book
• Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah (1981 Nickelsburg), book
• Tradiciones mesiánicas en el Targum palestinense (1981 Pérez Fernández), book
• Biblia del mar Muerto (1980 Vegas Montaner), book
• Galilee, from Alexander the Great to Hadrian (1980 Freyne), book
• Judaísmo y Cristianismo: Raíces de un gran conflicto histórico (1980 Mitre), book

Fiction

• Jésus de Montréal (1989 Arcand), film
• El reino de los réprobos (1988 Burgess), novel (Spanish ed.)
• The Last Temptation of Christ (1988 Scorsese), film
• Salome’s Last Dance (1988 Russell), film
• El signo del pez (1987 Espinosa), novel
• San Juan Bautista (1984 Cárdenas), novel
• Holy Blood, Holy Grail (1982 Baigent), arch-fi
• Masada (1981 Sagal), film

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1980s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1980s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1980s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1980s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1970s)

Scholarship

• The God of the Maccabees (1979 Bickerman), book (English ed.)
• Sociología del movimiento de Jesús (1979 Theissen), book (Spanish ed.)
• Introducción a las versiones griegas de la Biblia (1979 Fernández Marcos), book
• Judaism and Christian Beginnings (1978 Sandmel), book
• A Hidden Revolution (1978 Rivkin), book
• Paul and Palestinian Judaism (1977 Sanders), book
• Mito y tradición en la literatura apocalíptica (1977 Delcor), book
• Gloria de la Shekiná en los targumín del Pentateuco (1977 Muñoz León), book
• The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4 (1976 Milik), book
• Los documentos de Qumrán (1976 Jiménez F. Bonhome), book
• Los discursos de adiós de Gn 49 a Jn 13-17: Pistas para la historia de un género literario en la antigua literatura judía (1976 Cortès), book
• Filón de Alejandría: Obras completas (1975-1976 Triviño), book
• El que ha de venir (1975 Mowinckel), book (Spanish ed.)
• Arqueología bíblica (1975 Wright), book (Spanish ed.)
• The Jewish People in the First Century (1974-1976 Safrai/Stern), edited volume
• Los papiros griegos de la cueva 7 de Qumrán (1974 O'Callaghan), book
• Jesus the Jew (1973 Vermès), book
• The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (1973-1987 Schürer/Vermès), book
• From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism (1973 Neusner), book
• El Targum (1972 Díez Macho), book
• Bar-Kokhba (1971 Yadin), book (English ed.)
• Palestinian Parties and Politics That Shaped the Old Testament (1971 Smith), book
• The Shaping of Jewish History: A Radical New Interpretation (1971 Rivkin), book
• Los descubrimientos del mar Muerto (1971 González Lamadrid), book
• Journal for the Study of Judaism (1970-), journal

Fiction

• The Life of Brian (1979 Jones), film
• Salomé (1978 Almodóvar), film
• Jesus of Nazareth (1977 Zeffirelli), film
• I, Judas (1977 Caldwell/Stearn), novel
• Judas (1975 Tosi), novel
• Jesus Christ Superstar (1973 Jewison), film
• Godspell (1973 Greene), film
• Two from Galilee (1972 Holmes), novel
• Jesus Christ Superstar (1971 Webber), opera
• Godspell (1971 Schwartz), musical
• Tito y Berenice (1970 Marqués), play
• The Antagonists (1970 Gann), novel
• Great Lion of God (1970 Caldwell), novel

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1970s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1970s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1970s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1970s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1960s)

Scholarship

• The Crucible of Christianity: Judaism, Hellenism and the Historical Background to the Christian Faith (1969 Toynbee/Schalit), edited volume
• Neophyti I: Targum Palestinense Ms de la Biblioteca Vaticana (1968-1979 Díez Macho), book
• Jesus and the Zealots (1967 Brandon), book
• The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic (1964 Russell), book
• Los manuscritos del mar Muerto (1964 Laperrousaz), book (Spanish ed.)
• Old Testament Theology (1962-1965 Rad), book (English ed.)
• The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible (1962 Buttrick), edited volume
• From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees (1962 Bickerman), book
• The Foundations of Judaism and Christianity (1960 Parkes), book
• Les sectes juives au temps de Jésus (1960 Simon), book
• El Comentario de Habacuc de Qumrán (1960 Cantera Ortiz de Urbina), book
• The Dead Sea Scrolls in English (1962 Vermes), book

Fiction

• Behold the Man (1969 Moorcock), novel
• El Proceso de Cristo (1966 Bracho), film
• Himnos de los neófitos de Qumrán (1965-1975 Rodrigo), music
• The Passover Plot (1965 Schonfield), arch-fi
• Il vangelo secondo Matteo (1964 Pasolini), film
• The Bronze Bow (1961 Speare), children's novel
• King of Kings (1961 Ray), film

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1960s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1960s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1960s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1960s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1950s)

Scholarship

• L'Évangile selon Thomas (1959 Guillaumont), book
• Estructura y sentido de la historia, según la literatura apocalíptica (1959 Leisersohn Baendel), book
• El mundo judío hacia los tiempos de Jesús (1959 Guignebert), book (Spanish ed.)
• Ancient Judaism and the New Testament (1959 Grant), book
• The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies (1958 Cross), book
• More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls (1958 Burrows), book
• The Scrolls and the New Testament (1957 Stendahl), edited volume
• Dix ans de découvertes dans le Désert de Juda (1957 Milik), book
• An Introduction to the Apocrypha (1957 Metzger), book
• Maccabees, Zealots, and Josephus (1956 Farmer), book
• Los descubrimientos de Qumrán (1956 González Lamadrid), book
• The Dead Sea Scrolls (1955 Burrows), book
• He That Cometh (1954 Mowinckel), book (English ed.)
• Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period (1953-1968 Goodenough), book
• A Social and Religious History of the Jews (1952-1983 Baron), book
• Aperçus préliminaire sur les manuscrits de la mer Morte (1950 Dupont-Sommer), book
• The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark's Monastery (1950 Burrows), book
• Le judaïsme palestinien au temps de Jésus-Christ (1950 Bonsirven), book

Fiction

• El Redentor (1959 Breen), film
• Ben-Hur (1959 Wyler), film
• Dear and Glorious Physician (1959 Caldwell), novel
• Judas Macabeo (1958 Aguirre), play
• The Day Christ Died (1957 Bishop), novel
• Mis gloriosos hermanos (1954 Fast), novel (Spanish ed.)
• The Silver Chalice (1952 Costain), novel
• Amahl and the Night Visitors (1951 Menotti), opera
• Quo Vadis (1951 LeRoy), film
• O teleutaios peirasmos (1951 Kazantzakis), novel
• Die Meister (1951 Brod), novel
• Barabbas (1950 Lagerkvist), novel

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1950s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1950s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1950s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1950s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1940s)

Scholarship

• History of New Testament Times (1949 Pfeiffer), book
• Paul and Rabbinic Judaism (1948 Davies), book
• Historia de Israel. 2: Desde el exilio hasta el año 135 después de Cristo (1947 Ricciotti), book (Spanish ed.)
• Philo: Foundations of Religious Philosophy (1947 Wolfson), book
• The Relevance of Apocalyptic (1942 Rowley), book
• The Jews and Judaism during the Greek Period (1941 Oesterley), book

Fiction

• Mary (1949 Asch), novel
• My Glorious Brothers (1948 Fast), novel
• The Big Fisherman (1948 Douglas), novel
• King Jesus (1946 Graves), novel
• The Apostle (1943 Asch), novel
• The Robe (1942 Douglas), novel
• The Man Born to Be King (1941 Sayers), play
• Der ewige Jude (1940 Hippler), film

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1940s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1940s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1940s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1940s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1930s)

Scholarship

• The Pharisees: The Sociological Background of Their Faith (1938 Finkelstein), book
• Der Gott der Makkabäer (1937 Bickerman), book
• An introduction to the Books of the Apocrypha (1935 Oesterley), book
• By Light, Light: The Mystic Gospel of Hellenistic Judaism (1935 Goodenough), book
• Le monde juif vers le temps de Jésus (1935 Guignebert), book
• Historia de la religión de Israel según la Biblia, la ortodoxia y la ciencia (1935 Nin y Silva), book
• New Testament Times in Palestine (1933 Mathews), book (3rd ed.)
• Storia d’Israele. 2: Dall'esilio al 135 dopo Cristo (1932 Ricciotti), book
• A History of Israel. Vol. 2: From the Fall of Jerusalem, 586 BC, to the Bar-Kokhba Revolt, AD 135 (1932 Oesterley), book
• Le judaïsme avant Jésus-Christ (1931 Lagrange), book

Fiction

• The Nazarene (1939 Asch), novel
• White Crucifixion (1938 Chagall), art
• The Last Days of Pompeii (1935 Schoedsack), film
• Die jüdische Krieg (1932 Feuchtwanger), novel
• The Sign of the Cross (1932 DeMille), film

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1930s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1930s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1930s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1930s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1920s)

Scholarship

• The Origins of the Synagogue and the Church (1929 Kohler/Enelow), book
• Altjudisches Schriftum ausserhalb der Bibel (1928 Riessler), book
• Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era (1927-1930 Moore), book
• Josephus (1926-1981 Thackeray), book
• Helenismo y Judaísmo (1926 Monzó), book
• Die Religion des Judentums im späthellenistichen Zeitalter (1926 Bousset/Gressmann), book
• Jesus of Nazareth (1925 Klausner), book (English ed.)
• The Pharisees (1924 Herford), book
• Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch (1922-1928 Strack/Billerbeck), book

Fiction

• The Escaped Cock (1928 Lawrence), novel
• Jesus, the Son of Man (1928 Gibran), poetry
• The King of Kings (1927 DeMille), film
• Ben-Hur (1925 Niblo), film
• La storia di Cristo (1921 Papini), novel
• The Wandering Jew (1920 Thurston), play

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1920s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1920s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1920s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1920s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1910s)

Scholarship

• Los Hebreos (1916 Bazán), book
• Religious Development between the Old and the New Testaments (1914 Charles), book
• The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (1913 Charles), book
• The Parting of the Roads (1912 Foakes-Jackson), edited volume
• Some Elements in the Religious Teaching of Jesus (1910 Montefiore), book

Fiction

• The Brook Kerith (1916 Moore), novel
• Intolerance (1916 Griffith), film
• Mother Mary with the Holy Child Jesus Christ (1913 Hitler), art
• From the Manger to the Cross (1912 Olcott), film
• Quo Vadis? (1912 Guazzoni), film

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1910s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1910s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1910s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1910s)

Scholarship and Fiction (1900s)

Scholarship

• From Reimarus zu Wrede (Schweitzer 1906), book
• Jerusalem under the High Priests (1904 Bevan), book
• Die Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1903 Bousset), book
• Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments (1900 Kautzsch), edited volume
• Israel’s Messianic Hope to the Time of Jesus (1900 Goodspeed), book

Fiction

• Marie-Magdeleine (1909 Maeterlinck), play
• Quo Vadis? (1908 Nouguès), opera
• Salome (1905 Strauss), opera
• Kristuslegender (1904 Lagerlöf), novel
• La vie et la passion de Jésus-Christ (1903-1905 Zecca/Nonguet), film
• Cristo en la fiesta de Purim (1902 Bovio), play (Spanish ed.)
• Jesús Nazareno (1902 García Velloso), play
• Herod (1900 Phillips), play

See also

• French Scholarship and Fiction (1900s)
• German Scholarship and Fiction (1900s)
• Italian Scholarship and Fiction (1900s)
• Spanish Scholarship and Fiction (1900s)

Scholarship

• Judea from Cyrus to Titus (1899 Latimer), book
• A History of the Jewish people during the Babylonian, Persian and Greek Periods (1899 Kent), book
• The Age of the Maccabees (1898 Streane), book
• A History of New Testament Times in Palestine (1899 Mathews), book
• Jewish religious life after the exile (1898 Cheyne), book
• Judaism and Christianity: A Sketch of the Progress of Thought from Old Testament to New Testament (1890 Toy), book
• The Jews under Roman Rule (1890 Morrison), book

Scholarship and Fiction (1880s)

Scholarship

• History of the Hebrews' Second Commonwealth (1880 Wise), book

Scholarship and Fiction (1870s)

Scholarship

• Die Pharisäer und die Sadducäer (1874 Wellhausen), book

Fiction

• Pilatos (1877 Zorrilla), play

Scholarship and Fiction (1860s)

Scholarship

• Das Judenthum in Palästina zur zeit Christi (1866 Langen), book

Fiction

• Herodes (1862 Franquelo), play

Scholarship and Fiction (1850s)

Scholarship

• Post-Biblical History of the Jews (1855 Raphall), book

Scholarship and Fiction (1800-1849)

Scholarship

• Storia degli Ebrei e delle loro sette e dottrine religiose durante il secondo tempio (1844 Bianchi-Giovini), book
• Das Leben Jesu: kritisch bearbeitet (1835 Strauss), book
• Histoire philosophique des Juifs depuis la décadence de la race des Macchabées jusqu'à la fin du VIe siècle (1833 Capefigue), book
• Annals of the Jewish Nation during the Period of the Second Temple (1832 Alexander), book
• The History of the Jews: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time (1829-1830, Milman), book
• Geschichte der Israeliten seit den Zeit der Maccabäer bis auf Unsere Tage (1820-1829 Jost), book
• Geschichte der Juden, von der Rückkehr aus der babylonischen Gefangenschaft bis zur Zerstörung des zweiten Tempels (1808 Beer), book

Fiction

• The Last Days of Pompeii (1834 Lytton), novel

Scholarship and Fiction (XVIII century)

Scholarship

• Einleitung in die apokryphischen Schriften des Altes Testaments (1795 Eichhorn), book
• Historia cronológica del pueblo de Dios desde Adan hasta Jesu-Christo (1793 Peñalver), book
• Historia cronológica del pueblo hebreo, de su religion y gobierno político (1779 Rigüál), book
• Von dem Zwecke Jesu und seiner Jünger (1778 Reimarus/Lessing), book
• The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus (1737 Whiston), book
• The Credibility of the Gospel History (1727-1755 Lardner), book
• Histoire de l’Ancient et du Nouveau Testament et des Juifs (1719 Calmet), book
• Miscellaneous Discourses (1718 Wotton), book
• The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews, and Neighbouring Nations (1716-1718 Prideaux), book
• Matteh Dan; or, Kuzari Heleq Sheni (1714 Nieto), book
• Codes Pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti (1713-1733 Fabricius), book

Fiction

• Colección de varias historias (1767-1768 Santos Alonso), novel
• The Messiah (1742 Haendel), oratorio
• La clemenza di Tito (1734 Metastasio), play
• La Gerusalemme convertita (1733 Zeno), play
• Judas Iscariote (1722 Zamora), play

Scholarship and Fiction (XVII century)

Scholarship

• Respuesta de Josepho contra Apion Alexandrino (1687 Arias), book
• Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670 Spinoza), book
• Flavius Joseph, Histoire des Juifs (1667 Arnauld), book
• Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae (1658-1674 Lightfoot), book
• Los siete libros de Flavio Iosefo (1657 Cordero), book
• Mellificium Hebraicum (1649 Cartwright), book
• Historia apostolica illustrata (1634 Cappel), book
• Rerum Iudaicarum memorabiliorum, ab exitu ex Aegypto ad ultimum usque Hierosilymitanum excidium (1632 Ross), book
• The Famous and Memorable Workes of Iosephus (1602 Lodge), book

Fiction

• Bérénice (1670 Racine), play
• Herodes Ascalonita y la hermosa Mariana (1658 Lozano), play
• Lettres de Bérénice à Titus (1642 Scudéry), novel
• Judas Macabeo (1641 Calderón de la Barca), play
• Los desagravios de Christo (1640 Cubillo de Aragón), play
• La vida y muerte de Herodes (1636 Molina), play
• El mayor monstruo, los celos (1635 Calderón de la Barca), play
• La gitana melancólica (1608 Aguilar), play

Scholarship and Fiction (XVI century)

Scholarship

• Tsemah David (1592 Gans), book
• Me'or Enayim (1573-1575 Rossi), book
• Consolaçam ás tribulaçoens de Israel (1553 Usque), book
• Contexta populi Iudaici historia (1548 Eber), book
• Josephus teütsch (1531 Hedio), book
• Dass Jesus Christus ein geborner Jude sei (1523 Luther), book

Fiction

• Triumph of Titus and Vespasian (1540 Romano), art
• Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple (1512 Raphael), art