Difference between revisions of "Category:Spanish language"

The category: Spanish language, includes scholarly and fictional works in Spanish.

An overview of Spanish Scholarship and Fiction

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century (1st half)

19th century (2nd half)

1900s

Scholarship

No scholarly works related to the study of the Second Temple period seem to have been published in the 1900s in the Spanish-speaking world.

Fiction

Giovanni Bovio’s drama Cristo alla festa di Purim was translated into Spanish in 1902. And that very same year another play: Jesus the Nazarene, was published in Buenos Aires by Enrique García Velloso. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville.

1910s

Scholarship

The only Spanish scholarly book published in the 1910s was Julio Domingo Bazán’s liberal defense of the Hebrews. Like Joseph Semah Arias, who in 1687 had published a Spanish translation of Josephus’ Jewish War, Bazán was a military man who only very indirectly addressed in his book several topics inherent to the history of the Second Temple period. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville.

1920s

Scholarship

An essay on the relationship between Judaism and Hellenism by the polymath Julio Navarro Monzó was published in Montevideo (Uruguay) in 1926. No other scholarly books appeared during this period. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville.

1930s

Scholarship

Vol. 1 of a general history of early Judaism authored by the polymath Celedonio Nin y Silva was published in Montevideo (Uruguay) in 1935 (vol. 12 was to see the light in 1962). No other scholarly books appeared during this period. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville.

1940s

Scholarship

Between 1945 and 1947, Giuseppe Ricciotti’s Storia d’Israele was twice translated into Spanish; one of these translations was made by the Spanish philosopher Xavier Zubiri. Ricciotti’s volume was also the first relevant scholarly study on the history of Israel published in Spanish language. Inasmuch as vol. 2 of Ricciotti’s work (which was simultaneously published in Buenos Aires and Barcelona in 1947) covered the Second Temple period (together with the late 1st century CE and the first third of the 2nd century CE), it was too the first book on Second Temple Judaism published in the Spanish-speaking world. No other books related to this particular field of study appeared during the period. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville.

1950s

Scholarship

Only three books were published in Spanish language in the 1950s, one of them dealing with Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls and the other two with the apocalyptic views on human history and the time of Jesus, respectively. Los descubrimientos de Qumran, by Antonio González Lamadrid, offered an extensive introduction to the recent discoveries in the Judaean Desert, whereas Gerardo Leisersohn Baendel explored in a short study the structure and meaning of human history in apocalyptic literature and the virtual contribution of the latter to the philosophy of history. González Lamadrid’s volume (a revised edition of which saw the light in 1971) was published in Spain in 1956 and must be regarded as the first contemporary scholarly work on Second Temple Judaism in Spanish language; in turn, Leisersohn Baendel’s essay appeared in Chile in 1959. In 1959, Charles Guignebert’s 1935 volume on the Jewish world in the time of Jesus was also translated into Spanish and published in Mexico.

The books by González Lamadrid and Guignebert ought to be considered nowadays as symptomatic of the later development of the discipline in the Spanish speaking countries. First, these two volumes are representative of the two main topics of study addressed in the Spanish-speaking world between the early 1960s and the late 2000s. Secondly, they prefigure the dual tendency which is characteristic of such period: most books originally published in Spanish language deal with Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, whilst the majority of books translated from other European languages into Spanish deal with the study of the historical Jesus, the Jesus movement and early Christianity. Finally, an alternative emphasis upon one of these two general topics (Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls in the 1980s and 1990s, Jesus and the rise of Christianity in the 2000s) is also illustrative of the thematic evolution during the period. In spite of temporary oscillations as to the specific subjects discussed in each decade, this implicit, threefold principle has prevailed throughout the whole period and describes quite accurately its basic inner drive, though not its many nuances and additional developments, of course.

As to the Spanish edition of scholarly volumes originally published in other languages, the translation of two essays on Paul and his letters by Amédée Brunot ought to be mentioned. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville.

Fiction

The Spanish edition of Howard Fast’s novel on the Maccabeans (1954), a play on Judas Maccabee by Isidora Aguirre based upon Fast’s novel (1958), and a film by Joseph Breen on the trial of Jesus originally filmed in Spanish (1959) were the contribution of the 1950s to the fictional literature and the fictional representation of the figures and events inherent to the Second Temple period in Spanish language. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville.

1960s

Scholarship

Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls on the one hand, and the Targum on the other, became the main focuses of interest in Spanish scholarship in the 1960s.

In 1960 Jesús Cantera Ortiz de Urbina published a Spanish translation of the Habakuk Pesher from Qumran with a brief critical study of its text. And in 1968 Alejandro Díez Macho began to edit and translate, together with Roger le Déaut, Martin McNamara and Michael Maher, the sole extant manuscript of Targum Neophyti I, which he had discovered in 1956 in the Vatican Library; this very remarkable edition appeared in 6 vols. between 1968 and 1979, and should be regarded, together with Florentino García Martínez’s works on the Dead Sea Scrolls and the history of the Qumran community, as the most outstanding contribution of Spanish scholarship to the study of the Second Temple period.

Two books on Philo of Alexandria by Rafael Díaz de León and Shalom Rosenberg and a study on Paul's theology by José María González Ruiz were also published in the 1960s. As to the the Spanish editions of foreing volumes, the translations of Rudolf Schnackenburg's 1954 Die sittliche Botschaft des Neuen Testaments, Jean Daniélou's 1958 essay on Philo, Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz's 1961 introductory study to the Dead Sea Scrolls, Rudolf Bultmann's Jesus, François Amiot's, Amédée Brunot's, Léon Cristiani's, Henri Daniel-Rops' and Jean Daniélou's 1962 essay on the sources of Jesus' biography, Oscar Cullmann's Der Staat im Neue Testament, Rudolf Schnackenburg's Gottesherrschaft und Reich and several volumes by Lucien Cerfaux and John A. T. Robinson on Paul, were published in this period.

Fiction

The Hodayot of the Qumran Yahad inspired Joaquín Rodrigo’s Himnos de los neófitos de Qumrán for three sopranos, male chorus and orchestra, the premiere of which took place in Easter week 1965; as in other occasions, Victoria Kamhi collaborated with Rodrigo in the arrangement of the text. Finally, in 1666 a film on the trial of Jesus by Julio Bracho was released in Mexico. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville.

1970s

In addition to the subjects prevalent in the 1960s, i.e., Qumran (on which Antonio González Lamadrid, José O'Callaghan Martínez and Manuel Jiménez F. Bonhomme wrote in 1971, 1974 and 1976, respectively) and the Targum (Alejandro Díez Macho continued publishing his edition of Targum Neophyti I between 1970 and 1979 and wrote an introduction to the targumic literature in 1972, and Domingo Muñoz León wrote in 1974 and 1977 two complementary studies on the Targumim to the Pentateuch), two new topics diversely related to the history of the Second Temple period attracted the attention of Spanish scholarship and editorship in the 1970s, namely the Greek Bible (to which Natalio Fernández Marcos devoted two important studies in 1972, with Ángel Sáenz-Badillos Pérez, and 1979) and apocalyptic literature (a collection of essays by Mathias Delcor was published in 1977 in Spanish language under the title: Mito y tradición en la literatura apocalíptica [Myth and Tradition in Apocalyptic Literature]). These two subjects were to grow in importance over the next decades with new studies by Fernández Marcos and María Victoria Spottorno Díaz-Caro amid other scholars in the 1980s and the 2000s, and the publication of an extensive collection of Old Testament Pseudepigrapha in Spanish version edited by Alejandro Díez Macho and Antonio Piñero Sáenz between 1984 and 2009, respectively.

A separate comment must be made regarding O'Callaghan's 1974 essay on the Greek papyri from Qumran Cave 7, where he tentatively identified several extant fragments with various verses of the Gospels (especially 7Q5 with Mark 6:52-53). O'Callaghan had advanced this groundbreaking hypothesis in an article published in 1972 ("¿Papiros neotestamentarios en la cueva 7 de Qumrán",Biblica 53 [1972] 91-100; translated by L. W. Holladay as "New Testament Papyri in Qumran Cave 7?," Journal of Biblical Literature 91/2 [1972] 1-14), yet his insights on this subject have been widely disputed by most scholars on both philological and statistic grounds (see, e.g., Die älteste Evangelien-handschrift?: Der Fund des Markus- Fragments von Qumran un die Anfange der schriftlichen Uberlieferung des Neuen Testaments (1986 Thiede), book; Christen und Christliches in Qumran? (1992 Mayer), edited volume). He has largely contributed, nonetheless, to the comparative study of the literature from Qumran and the New Testament both in the Spanish-speaking world and beyond.

José María Triviño’s 1975-1976 Spanish edition of Philo’s works must also be alluded to at this point. Although José Pablo Martín is now working on a new edition of Philo, of which vol. 1 was published in 2009, Triviño’s five-volume edition still stands as a reference work in Spanish language.

To end with mention must be made of Enric Cortès’ 1976 study on the “departing discourses” in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament and their narrative framework, Xabier Pikaza's 1976 essay on the historical Jesus, Santos Sabugal's 1976 studies on Paul's conversion, and Marcelino Legido López's 1978 volume on Pauline ecclesiology.

As to the Spanish edition of foreign works, the following volumes on ancient and Second Temple Judaism were translated into Spanish: David S. Russell's Between the Testaments (1973), George Ernest Wright’s Biblical Archaeology (1975), Sigmund Mowinckel’s Han som kommer (1975), André Paul's Intertestament (1978), and Frederick Fyvie Bruce's Israel and the Nations: From the Exodus to the Fall of the Second Temple (1979). In addition, the Spanish editions of several books on the historical Jesus, the New Testament, and early Christianity by Josef Blank, Günter Bornkamm, Raymond E. Brown, Rudolf Karl Bultmann, Oscar Cullmann, Charles Harol Dodd, Xavier Léon-Dufour, David Flusser, Martin Hengel, Joachim Jeremias, Ernst Käsemann, Heinrich Schlier, Gerd Theissen and Étienne Trocmé were also published in this period.

Spanish fiction was especially noteworthy in the 1970 by its variety, if not by its quantity. Four works deserve being cited: a play on Titus and Berenice by the Puerto Rican René Marqués (1970), a novel on Judas by the Peruan Carlos Tosi (1975), Joaquín Rodrigo’s Hyms of the Neophytes of Qumran (1965-1975), and Pedro Almodóvar’s 1978 film Salomé. – Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville.

1980s

Scholarship

In the 1980s Spanish scholarship on Second Temple Judaism increased considerably if compared to the earlier decades. Twenty-seven new volumes were published, including editions of books written in other European languages; and an unprecedented assortment of themes were explored in them.

Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls deserved a good deal of attention through the entire decade, though not as much as in the 1990s. Books by Luis Vegas Montaner on the Qumran Biblical scrolls and José María Casciaro Rodríguez on the Qumranic literature and the New Testament were published in 1980 and 1982, respectively. In 1982 Mathias Delcor’s and Florentino García Martínez’s introduction to the Essene literature from Qumran was also published. And in 1985 a new, updated edition of Antonio González Lamadrid's Los manuscritos del mar Muerto (first published in 1971) saw the light too. In addition, in 1987 and 1989, respectively, Geza Vermès’s The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective and Carsten Peter Thiede’s 1986 study on the hypothetical Markan fragments from Qumran Cave 7 identified by José O'Callaghan Martínez in 1972 were published as well.

Spanish scholarly production on the Targum was quite relevant too in the 1980s, with studies and translations by Miguel Pérez Fernández (1981), Domingo Muñoz León (1986, 1987), Josep Ribera Florit (1987, 1988), and Emiliano Martínez Borobio (1987, 1989). In his 1987 critically acclaimed book, Muñoz León (who had already written on Targumic literature in the late 1970s) also addressed several issues related to the interpretation of the Scriptures in the New Testament.

In the 1980s Natalio Fernández Marcos continued working on the Greek versions of the Bible and published in 1985 an edited volume on the Septuagint. In 1987, María Victoria Spottorno Díaz-Caro and José Ramón Busto Sáiz translated into Spanish Josephus' Autobiography and Contra Apionem. A year later, Josep Montserrat Torrents translated into Catalan Philo's De Opificio Mundi, whilst the influence of Philo in the Western culture was the subject of an essay by José Pablo Martín published in Buenos Aires in 1986. Jean Cazeaux’s 1983 study on Philo’s philosophy of language and mysticism was in turn translated into Spanish and published in 1984.

The time of Jesus, the historical Jesus, the Jewish roots of Christianity, the theology of Paul, and the parting of the ways between Judaism and Christianity were thoroughly explored in the 1980s by Rafael Aguirre Monasterio, Juan Huarte Osacar, José Ignacio González Faus, Hernando Guevara, Marcelino Legido López, Jesús Emilio Menéndez Menéndez, Emilio Mitre Fernández, Josep Montserrat Torrents, José Antonio Pagola, Xabier Pikaza, and Senén Vidal García. And many books dealing with these and other related subjects (including the New Testament corpus) by Joseph Auneau, Giuseppe Barbaglio, Gerhard Barth, Günter Bornkamm, Raymond E. Brown, Amédée Brunot, Lothar Coenen, Martin Dibelius, John Drane, Rinaldo Fabris, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, Joachim Gnilka, Martin Hengel, Joachim Jeremias, Joseph Klausner, Helmut Köster, Xavier Léon-Dufour, Gerhard Lohfink, Wayne A. Meeks, Charles Perrot, Rudolf Schnackenburg, Wolfgang Schrage, Emil Schürer, Heinz Schürmann, Eduard Schweizer, Gerd Theissen, Albert Vanhoye, and Ulrich Wilckens, were also translated into Spanish.

Moreover, Hugues Cousin's Vies d'Adam et Eve, des patriarches et des prophètes, François Castel’s 1983 general history of Israel and Judah, Henry Cazelles’ 1982 historical overview of the early Second Temple period, Christiane Saulnier's 1982 monograph on the Maccabean crisis, and Claude Tassin’s 1986 history of Second Temple Judaism were also translated into Spanish and published between 1981 and 1988.

Yet perhaps the most relevant events were, on the one hand, Carlos de Valle Rodríguez's Spanish edition of the Mishnah, and, on the other hand, Alejandro Díez Macho’s and Antonio Piñero Sáenz’s edition of the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha in Spanish version, of which vols. 1-4 appeared in 1984 and vol. 5 in 1987; vol. 6 was published in 2009, and a 7th vol. is forthcoming. Contributors were recruited by the editors among Spanish scholars on Biblical and Targumic literature and Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Coptic and Arabic studies. A volume on intertestamental literature published by Domingo Muñoz León in 1983 must also be mentioned here, as well as a noteworthy study on the historical method of Flavius Josephus published in English by Pere Villalba i Varneda in 1986.

Fiction

Two novels, one by the Argentinian Rodolfo Marcelo Cárdenas on John the Baptist, and another one by the Colombian Germán Espinosa on the rise of Christianity, were published in 1984 and 1987, respectively. In addition, Anthony Burgess’ The Kingdom of the Wicked was translated into Spanish in 1988. No dramatic, musical or cinematographic works seem to have been produced in this period, however. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville

1990s

Scholarship

The 1990s might be roughly defined as the “Qumran decade” in Spanish scholarship on Second Temple Judaism, in so far as ten volumes on the Dead Sea Scrolls were published in Spanish language between 1991 and 1996, including Florentino García Martínez’s 1992 Spanish edition of the significant manuscripts then available, which was translated into English, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian in 1994, 1994-95, 1995 and 1996, respectively. In 1991 Santiago Ausín Olmos published a philological study on the ethical language of the sectarian writings from Qumran. There followed César Vidal Manzanares’ three consecutive, introductory essays on the Qumran community and its literature (1993, 1995); Florentino García Martínez’s and Julio Trebolle Barrera’s study on the men from Qumran (1993), which was translated into English and Italian in 1995 and 1996, respectively; and two edited volumes by Antonio Piñero Sáenz and Dimas Fernández Galiano (1994) and Julio Trebolle Barrera (1999), who had earlier published with Luis Vegas Montaner the proceedings of the Madrid Qumran Congress (1992). In addition, the Spanish translation of Jean Pouilly’s 1990 introduction to the Scrolls and Stegemann’s 1993 study on the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist and Jesus (which was translated into English in 1998), were published in 1991 and 1996, respectively.

Other themes studied were illness and health care in the ancient Near East and the rise of Christianity (by Héctor Avalos [1995, 1999]), the history of Messianic ideas in ancient Judaism and emerging Christianity (by José Luis Sicre Díaz [1995]), the development of intertestamental literature (by Gonzalo Aranda Pérez, Florentino García Martínez and Miguel Pérez Fernández [1996]), and Ben Sira (by Nuria Calduch-Benages [1997, 1998, 1999]). Several volumes on the study of the historical Jesus, the New Testament, and both the Jewish roots and the development of earliest Christianity, were also published in this decade by Rafael Aguirre Monasterio, María Ángeles Alonso Ávila, Juan José Bartolomé, Carmen Bernabé Urbieta, Aurelio de Santos Otero, Joaquín González Echegaray, Santigo Guijarro Oporto, Xabier Pikaza, Antonio Piñero Sáenz, Antonio Rodríguez Carmona, Ramón Trevijano Etcheverría, Jordi Sánchez Bosch, Juan Luis Segundo, Senén Vidal García, and César Vidal Manzanares.

A series of relevant translations of ancient texts into Spanish language also took place in the 1990s. Several Targumim were translated by Josep Ribera Florit (1992, 1997) and Emiliano Martínez Borobio (1998); Philo’s De somniis and De Josepho by Sofía Torallas Tovar (1997); Josephus’ Autobiography and Against Apion by Margarita Rodríguez de Sepúlveda; Josephus' Jewish War by Jesús María Nieto Ibáñez (1997, 1999); and the Latin version of 4 Ezra by Gabriel Marcelo Nápole (1998).

As earlier said, both Florentino García Martínez's Spanish edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Florentino García Martínez’s and Julio Trebolle Barrera's book on the Qumran community were translated into several European languages (including English) between 1994 and 1996. No other books dealing with the study of the Second Temple period originally published in Spanish had been translated into other languages prior to that date. Moreover, Florentino García Martínez published in 1992 a most remarkable study in English language on Qumran and apocalyptic; he also co-edited two collective volumes on the Bible and the Scrolls (together with Anthony Hilshort and Casper J. Labuschagne, Moshe J. Bernstein and John Kampen, and Ed Noort) in 1992, 1997 and 1998, respectively, and a volume on the Noah traditions (together with Gerard P. Luttikhuizen) in 1998; as well as a complete bibliography of the Dead Sea Scrolls covering the years 1970-1975 (together with Donald W. Parry) in 1997, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (together with Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar) between 1997 and 1998, and vol. XXIII of the Discoveries in the Judean Desert (DJD) series (with Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar and Adam S. van der Woude) in 1998. Meanwhile, Natalio Fernández Marcos published in 1994 an Engish volume on the Septuagint and Old Latin versions of the Books of Kings, and Adolfo Roitman a Hebrew introduction to the daily life of the Qumran sectarians in 1997. In addition, Gonzálo Aranda Perez's, Florentino García Martínez's and Miguel Pérez Fernández's study on intertestamental literature was translated into Italian in 1998. The aforementioned volumes by Héctor Avalos should also be taken into account at this point.

As to the Spanish edition of contemporary studies, one must mention Johann Maier’s Zwishen den Testamenten: Geschichte und Religion in der Zeit des zweiten Tempels, Walter Schmithals' Die Apokalyptik, and a rather large number of volumes dealing with the study of the historical Jesus and early Christianity which include several studies by Paul J. Achtemeier, Horst Balz, François Bovon, Raymond E. Brown, Matthieu Collin, Oscar Cullmann, Rinaldo Fabris, David Flusser, Joachim Gnilka, Dieter Hildebrandt, Pierre Lenhardt, Ulrich Luz, Margaret Y. MacDonald, Bruce J. Malina, John P. Meier, Annette Merz, Romano Penna, Heinrich Schlier, Jacques Schlosser, Gerhard Schneider, Eduard Schweizer, Graham Stanton, Peter Stuhlmacher, Gerd Theissen, Marie Vidal, Phillip Vielhauer, and Ulrich Wilckens.

Fiction

Five novels were published in Spanish in the 1990s, three by Jesús Capo on Paul of Tarsus (1993), Peter (1994) and Jesus (1996), one by Antonio Piñero Sáenz on Herod the Great (1999), and the Spanish edition of Alexandra Ripley’s A Love Divine (1997). Dominique Reyre's 1998 essay on the Jews in the plays of Pedro Calderón de la Barca should also be mentioned in addition. -- Carlos A. Segovia, University of Seville

2000s

2010s

Related categories

• Spanish / Spanish Scholarship / Spanish Fiction

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