Category:MS St. Louis (subject)

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MS St Louis.jpg

MS St. Louis (see Holocaust Children Studies)

Overview

On May 13, 1939, the Hamburg-Amerika luxury liner, MS St. Louis, sailed for Havana, Cuba, carrying 937 Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany (including 200 children). The plan was to wait there for permission to enter the US.

All passengers bore legitimate landing certificates for Cuba. However, during the two-week period that the ship was en route to Havana, the landing certificates granted by the Cuban director general of immigration in lieu of regular visas, were invalidated by the pro-fascist Cuban government. As a result, when the St. Louis reached Havana on May 27, 1939, Cuban authorities denied entry to all but 28 of the passengers. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) dispatched Lawrence Berenson to Cuba to negotiate with local officials but Cuban president Federico Laredo Bru insisted that the ship leave Havana harbor. After a week, the ship sailed to the American coast, but was denied entry.

The US government likewise refused to make any exception to the quota limits. On June 6, 1939, the ship was forced to head back to Europe. While the ship was en route to Antwerp, Belgium, Jewish aid organizations negotiated with European governments to admit the passengers rather than return them to Germany (287 to Great Britain; 214 to Belgium; 224 to France; 181 to the Netherlands). The ship docked in Antwerp, Belgium, on June 17, 1939.

Only those who were accepted by Great Britain found relative safety. The others were soon to be subject once again to Nazi rule with the German invasion of western Europe in the spring of 1940. A fortunate few succeeded in emigrating before this became impossible. In the end, 227 of the 619 St. Louis passengers who found temporary refuge in Belgium, France and the Netherlands died at the hands of the Nazis, but the majority survived the war.

The Children

MS St Louis Children.jpg

Group portrait of children on the deck of the MS St. Louis. Pictured in the front row, from left to right are: Herbert Karliner, Harry Guttmann, Hans Schelansky. In the second row: Eugene Moser, unknown, Erich Stein, Walter Karliner, and Hans Fischer.


MS St Louis Children2.jpg

Among those pictured are Evelyn Klein (back row, center), Herbert Karliner (front row, left), Walter Karliner (front row, second from the left), Eric Stein (front row, second from the right), and Harry Fuld (font row, far right).

Disembarked in Cuba (28 passengers, 4 children)

  1. Evelyn Klein Altman (F / Hungary, 1930-2002), Holocaust survivor
  2. Beatrice Bonne Sichel (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
  3. Wolfgang Schüfftan (M / Germany, 1936), Holocaust survivor
  4. Hans-Jacob Bonne (M / Germany, 1939), Holocaust survivor

Disembarked in England (288 passengers, all saved)

Disembarked in the Netherlands (181 passengers, 34 children)

  1. Heinz-Georg Blumenstein (M / Austria, 1935), Holocaust survivor
  2. Rudolf Jacobsohn / Rudolf Cohen (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
  3. Rudi Dingfelder / Robert Felder (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
  4. Michael Fink / Michael Barak (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
  5. Eva Ruth Friedmann / Rapp-Fleischmann (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
  6. Gerhard Gabel (M / Germany, 1937-194?), Holocaust victim
  7. Alexander Gruber (M / Germany, 1926-194?), Holocaust victim
  8. Alexander Gruber (M / Germany, 1926-194?), Holocaust victim
  9. Lutz Grünthal (M / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  10. Horst-Martin Grünthal (M / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim
  11. Ruthild Grünthal (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  12. Sibyll Grünthal (F / Germany, 1931-194?), Holocaust victim
  13. Martin Hess (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
  14. Joachim Hirsch (M / Germany, 1937-1944), Holocaust victim
  15. Thomas Jacobsohn (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
  16. Rudolf Jacobsohn / Rudolf Cohen (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
  17. Annemarie Karmann (F / Austria, 1935), Holocaust survivor
  18. Hannelore Klein Grünberg (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
  19. Hans Lenneber (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
  20. Ingeborg Levin / Inge Schneider (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
  21. Miriam Levin Michaelis (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
  22. Hans Otto Loeb (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
  23. Gert Egon Philippi (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
  24. Renate Reutlinger / Ronnie Breslow (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
  25. Jan Schillinger / John Schilling (M / Czechia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
  26. Jiri Schillinger / George Schilling (M / Czechia, 1938), Holocaust survivor
  27. Ilse Simon (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  28. Ines Spanier Jacoby (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
  29. Renate Spanier / Renee Goldman (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
  30. Werner Stein (M / Germany, 1936-1943), Holocaust victim
  31. Ursula Warschawsky (F / Germany, 1923), Holocaust survivor
  32. Franz Peter Warschawsky (M / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
  33. Ernst Weistock (M / Germany, 1931-194?), Holocaust victim
  34. Renate Weltmann (F / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim

Disembarked in France (224 passengers, XX children)

  1. Magdalena Bardeleben (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
  2. Dieter Brandt (M / Germany, 1937), Holocaust victim
  3. Nissim Eskenazy (F / Germany, 1939), Holocaust survivor
  4. Hans Hermann Fischer (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
  5. Rith Fischer Bickhardt (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
  6. Lore Alice Goldschmidt (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
  7. Heinz Goldstein / Henry Gallant (M / Germany, 1928-2019), Holocaust survivor
  8. Heinz Ludwig Greve (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
  9. Evelyn Greve (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  10. Ruth Heilbrun Windmuller (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
  11. Ingeborg Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust victim
  12. Gunther Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1924), Holocaust victim
  13. Ilse Hess Shellan (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
  14. Bella Isner Uhlfelder (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
  15. Ruth Isner Kissinger (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
  16. Gunther Joel (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
  17. Joseph Brigitte (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust victim
  18. Walter Karliner (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
  19. Herbert Karliner (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
  20. Ruth Karliner (F / Germany, 1927-1942), Holocaust victim
  21. Judith Köppel Steel (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
  22. Wolfgang Manasse (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust victim
  23. Elisabeth Mendel / Lisa Loshin (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
  24. Karl Mendel (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
  25. Eugene Moses (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
  26. Helmut Moses (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
  27. Friedrich Reif (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
  28. Liane Reif Lehrer (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
  29. Harry Roth (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
  30. Horst Rotholz (M / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim
  31. Hans-Heinz Shelansky / Henry Shellan (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
  32. Helga Skotzki (F / Germany, 1927-194?), Holocaust victim
  33. Inge Skotzki (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  34. Walter Trödel (M / Austria, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim
  35. Erich Trödel (M / Austria, 1929-194?), Holocaust victim
  36. Gerda Waldbaum (F / Germany, 1937), Holocaust survivor
  37. Ernst Weil (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
  38. Rudi Windmüller (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
  39. Hidegard Wolff Goldsmith (F / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor

Victims and Survivors

Emigrated to England by the Summer 1939

Emigrated to Morocco

Emigrated to the United States by 1942

Survived in hiding

Survived by crossing the Swiss border

Survived in camps

Perished in the Holocaust

  1. Horst Rotholz (M / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim
  2. Gunther Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim
  3. Ingeborg Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim
  4. Walter Trödel (M / Austria, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim
  5. Alexander Gruber (M / Germany, 1926-194?), Holocaust victim
  6. Ruth Karliner (F / Germany, 1927-1942), Holocaust victim
  7. Helga Skotzki (F / Germany, 1927-194?), Holocaust victim
  8. Evelyn Greve (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  9. Lutz Grünthal (M / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  10. Ilse Simon (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  11. Ruthild Grünthal (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  12. Evelyn Greve (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  13. Inge Skotzki (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
  14. Erich Trödel (M / Austria, 1929-194?), Holocaust victim
  15. Wolfgang Manasse (M / Germany, 1929-194?), Holocaust victim
  16. Joseph Brigitte (M / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim
  17. Horst-Martin Grünthal (M / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim
  18. Renate Weltmann (F / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim
  19. Sibyll Grünthal (F / Germany, 1931-194?), Holocaust victim
  20. Ernst Weistock (M / Germany, 1931-194?), Holocaust victim
  21. Werner Stein (M / Germany, 1936-1943), Holocaust victim
  22. Dieter Brandt (M / Germany, 1937-194?), Holocaust victim
  23. Gerhard Gabel (M / Germany, 1937-194?), Holocaust victim
  24. Joachim Hirsch (M / Germany, 1937-1944), Holocaust victim

External links

Pages in category "MS St. Louis (subject)"

The following 49 pages are in this category, out of 49 total.

1

Media in category "MS St. Louis (subject)"

The following 2 files are in this category, out of 2 total.

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