Difference between revisions of "Category:MS St. Louis (subject)"

MS St. Louis (see Holocaust Children Studies)

Overview

On May 13, 1939, the Hamburg-Amerika luxury liner, MS St. Louis, sailed for Havana, Cuba, carrying 937 Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany (including 200 children). The plan was to wait there for permission to enter the US.

All passengers bore legitimate landing certificates for Cuba. However, during the two-week period that the ship was en route to Havana, the landing certificates granted by the Cuban director general of immigration in lieu of regular visas, were invalidated by the pro-fascist Cuban government. As a result, when the St. Louis reached Havana on May 27, 1939, Cuban authorities denied entry to all but 28 of the passengers. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) dispatched Lawrence Berenson to Cuba to negotiate with local officials but Cuban president Federico Laredo Bru insisted that the ship leave Havana harbor. After a week, the ship sailed to the American coast, but was denied entry.

The US government likewise refused to make any exception to the quota limits. On June 6, 1939, the ship was forced to head back to Europe. While the ship was en route to Antwerp, Belgium, Jewish aid organizations negotiated with European governments to admit the passengers rather than return them to Germany (287 to Great Britain; 214 to Belgium; 224 to France; 181 to the Netherlands). The ship docked in Antwerp, Belgium, on June 17, 1939.

Only those who were accepted by Great Britain found relative safety. The others were soon to be subject once again to Nazi rule with the German invasion of western Europe in the spring of 1940. A fortunate few succeeded in emigrating before this became impossible. In the end, 227 of the 619 St. Louis passengers who found temporary refuge in Belgium, France and the Netherlands died at the hands of the Nazis, but the majority survived the war.

The Children

• Full Passenger List

Group portrait of children on the deck of the MS St. Louis. Pictured in the front row, from left to right are: Herbert Karliner, Harry Guttmann, Hans Schelansky. In the second row: Eugene Moser, unknown, Erich Stein, Walter Karliner, and Hans Fischer.

Among those pictured are Evelyn Klein (back row, center), Herbert Karliner (front row, left), Walter Karliner (front row, second from the left), Eric Stein (front row, second from the right), and Harry Fuld (font row, far right).

Disembarked in Cuba (28 passengers, 5 children)

1. Evelyn Klein Altman (F / Hungary, 1930-2002), Holocaust survivor
2. Evelyn Aber / Evelyn Lisi (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
3. Beatrice Bonne Sichel (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
4. Wolfgang Schüfftan (M / Germany, 1936), Holocaust survivor
5. Hans-Jacob Bonne (M / Germany, 1939), Holocaust survivor

Disembarked in England (288 passengers, all saved)

1. Bella Dubiecki Mlodinoff (F / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
2. Rosi Guttmann Adler (F / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
3. Margit Banemann / Margit Hess (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
4. Karl Kirchhausen (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
5. Wolfgang Metis / Frank Metis (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
6. Helga Guttmann Fixler (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
7. Sonja Knepel / Sonja Sternberg (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
8. Fritz Loewe / Frederick Loewe (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
9. Joseph Singer (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
10. Liselotte Arndt / Lotte Brown (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
11. Harry Guttmann (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
12. Liesel Joseph / Liesel Loeb (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
13. Erich Stein / Eric Stein (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
14. Hans Fuld (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
15. Ingeborg Weil / Ingeborg Ohringer (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
16. Annette Metis / Annette Gallagher (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
17. Resi Adler (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
18. Philip Freund (M / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
19. Susanna Weil / Sue Tauber (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
20. Gerd-Fritz Grünstein / Gerald Granston (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
21. Karl Hoffmann / Charles Hoffmann (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
22. Wolfgang Schoenemann / William Schoenemann (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
23. Renate Silberstein (F / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
24. Inge Czerninski / Joan Boldt (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
25. Lieselotte Freund / Lisa Avedon (M / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
26. Sonja Maier / Sonja Geismar (F / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
27. Hans Meyerstein / John Meyerstein (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
28. Margrit Rosenthal (F / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
29. Ruth Blumenstock Mandel (F / Austria, 1938), Holocaust survivor
30. Zilla Dresel Coorsh (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
31. Lilo Heldenmuth / Lilo Goldstone (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
32. Israel Riegelhaupt / Israel Ralph (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
33. Eva Safier / Eva Wiener (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
34. Beate Schoeps / Beate Avedon (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
35. Hanna Secemski / Hanna Wolf (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
36. Gert Silberstein (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor

Disembarked in the Netherlands (181 passengers, 34 children)

1. Heinz-Georg Blumenstein (M / Austria, 1935), Holocaust survivor
2. Rudolf Jacobsohn / Rudolf Cohen (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
3. Rudi Dingfelder / Robert Felder (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
4. Michael Fink / Michael Barak (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
5. Eva Ruth Friedmann / Rapp-Fleischmann (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
6. Gerhard Gabel (M / Germany, 1937-194?), Holocaust victim
7. Alexander Gruber (M / Germany, 1926-194?), Holocaust victim
8. Alexander Gruber (M / Germany, 1926-194?), Holocaust victim
9. Lutz Grünthal (M / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
10. Horst-Martin Grünthal (M / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim
11. Ruthild Grünthal (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
12. Sibyll Grünthal (F / Germany, 1931-194?), Holocaust victim
13. Martin Hess (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
14. Joachim Hirsch (M / Germany, 1937-1944), Holocaust victim
15. Thomas Jacobsohn (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
16. Rudolf Jacobsohn / Rudolf Cohen (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
17. Annemarie Karmann (F / Austria, 1935), Holocaust survivor
18. Hannelore Klein Grünberg (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
19. Hans Lenneber (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
20. Ingeborg Levin / Inge Schneider (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
21. Miriam Levin Michaelis (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
22. Hans Otto Loeb (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
23. Gert Egon Philippi (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
24. Renate Reutlinger / Ronnie Breslow (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
25. Jan Schillinger / John Schilling (M / Czechia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
26. Jiri Schillinger / George Schilling (M / Czechia, 1938), Holocaust survivor
27. Ilse Simon (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
28. Ines Spanier Jacoby (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
29. Renate Spanier / Renee Goldman (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
30. Werner Stein (M / Germany, 1936-1943), Holocaust victim
31. Ursula Warschawsky (F / Germany, 1923), Holocaust survivor
32. Franz Peter Warschawsky (M / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
33. Ernst Weistock (M / Germany, 1931-194?), Holocaust victim
34. Renate Weltmann (F / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim

Disembarked in France (224 passengers, 39 children)

1. Magdalena Bardeleben (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
2. Dieter Brandt (M / Germany, 1937-194?), Holocaust victim
3. Nissim Eskenazy (F / Germany, 1939), Holocaust survivor
4. Hans Hermann Fischer (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
5. Rith Fischer Bickhardt (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
6. Lore Alice Goldschmidt (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
7. Heinz Goldstein / Henry Gallant (M / Germany, 1928-2019), Holocaust survivor
8. Heinz Ludwig Greve (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
9. Evelyn Greve (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
10. Ruth Heilbrun Windmuller (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
11. Ingeborg Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim * Chateau de Montintin
12. Gunther Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim * Chateau de Montintin
13. Ilse Hess Shellan (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor * Chateau de Montintin
14. Bella Isner Uhlfelder (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
15. Ruth Isner Kissinger (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
16. Gunther Joel (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor * Chateau de Montintin
17. Joseph Brigitte (M / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim
18. Walter Karliner (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
19. Herbert Karliner (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
20. Ruth Karliner (F / Germany, 1927-1942), Holocaust victim
21. Judith Köppel Steel (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
22. Wolfgang Manasse (M / Germany, 1929-194?), Holocaust victim
23. Elisabeth Mendel / Lisa Loshin (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor * Chateau Le Masgelier
24. Karl Mendel (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor * Chateau Le Masgelier
25. Eugene Moses (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
26. Helmut Moses (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
27. Friedrich Reif (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
28. Liane Reif Lehrer (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
29. Harry Roth (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
30. Horst Rotholz (M / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim * Chateau de Montintin
31. Hans-Heinz Shelansky / Henry Shellan (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
32. Helga Skotzki (F / Germany, 1927-1942), Holocaust victim -- Gunter, 46 ans, né le 26/04/1896, tricoteur, et son épouse Charlotte, 48 ans, née Feldmann le 14/04/1894, sont réfugiés à Clairac avec leurs deux enfants nés à Berlin (Allemagne), Helga, 15 ans, né le 10/11/1927, étudiante, et Inge, 14 ans, né le 02/12/1928, étudiant. Arrêtée parce que juive, elle est envoyée au Camp de Sauvaud à Casseneuil, avant d'être déportée sans retour du Camp de Drancy vers Auschwitz par le convoi n° 30 du 9 septembre 1942.
33. Inge Skotzki (F / Germany, 1928-1942), Holocaust victim
34. Walter Trödel (M / Austria, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim
35. Erich Trödel (M / Austria, 1929-194?), Holocaust victim
36. Gerda Waldbaum (F / Germany, 1937), Holocaust survivor
37. Ernst Weil (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
38. Rudi Windmüller (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
39. Hidegard Wolff Goldsmith (F / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor

Victims and Survivors

Emigrated to England by the Summer 1939

• Gerd Altschul / Gerry Allan (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
• Rolf Altschul / Rolf Allan (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor

Emigrated to Morocco

• Clark Blatteis (M / Germany, 1932-2021), Holocaust survivor

Emigrated to the United States by 1942

• Friedrich Reif (M / Austria, 1927), Holocaust survivor
• Liesl Joseph Loeb (F / Germany, 1928-2013), Holocaust survivor
• Hans Fisher (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
• Sol Messinger (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
• Rudolf Jacobsohn / Rudolf Cohen (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
• Liane Reif Lehrer (F / Austria, 1934), Holocaust survivor
• Thomas Jacobsohn (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor

Survived in hiding

• Walter Karliner (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
• Herbert Karliner (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
• Judith Köppel Steel (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor

Survived by crossing the Swiss border

• Heinz Goldstein / Henry Gallant (M / Germany, 1928-2019), Holocaust survivor
• Fritz Vendig (M / Germany, 1932-2001), Holocaust survivor
• Heiner Vendig (M / Germany, 1937-2003), Holocaust survivor

Survived in camps

• Rudi Dingfelder / Robert Felder (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
• Ingeborg Levin / Inge Schneider (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
• Hannelore Klein Grünberg (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
• Miriam Levin Michaelis (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
• Ines Spanier Jacoby (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
• Renate Spanier / Renee Goldman (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
• Michael Fink / Michael Barak (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
• Annemarie Karmann (F / Austria, 1935), Holocaust survivor

Perished in the Holocaust

1. Horst Rotholz (M / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim
2. Gunther Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim
3. Ingeborg Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim
4. Walter Trödel (M / Austria, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim
5. Alexander Gruber (M / Germany, 1926-194?), Holocaust victim
6. Ruth Karliner (F / Germany, 1927-1942), Holocaust victim
7. Helga Skotzki (F / Germany, 1927-194?), Holocaust victim
8. Evelyn Greve (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
9. Lutz Grünthal (M / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
10. Ilse Simon (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
11. Ruthild Grünthal (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
12. Evelyn Greve (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
13. Inge Skotzki (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim
14. Erich Trödel (M / Austria, 1929-194?), Holocaust victim
15. Wolfgang Manasse (M / Germany, 1929-194?), Holocaust victim
16. Joseph Brigitte (M / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim
17. Horst-Martin Grünthal (M / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim
18. Renate Weltmann (F / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim
19. Sibyll Grünthal (F / Germany, 1931-194?), Holocaust victim
20. Ernst Weistock (M / Germany, 1931-194?), Holocaust victim
21. Werner Stein (M / Germany, 1936-1943), Holocaust victim
22. Dieter Brandt (M / Germany, 1937-194?), Holocaust victim
23. Gerhard Gabel (M / Germany, 1937-194?), Holocaust victim
24. Joachim Hirsch (M / Germany, 1937-1944), Holocaust victim

External links