Category:Enochic Studies--1700s

The page: Enochic Studies--1700s, includes (in chronological order) scholarly and literary works in the field of Enochic Studies, made in the 18th century, or between 1700 and 1799.

Johann Albert Fabricius

James Bruce

In the 18th century, the interest of scholars remained focused on the Enoch fragments of Syncellus, which provided the only textual evidence for 1 Enoch. They were published posthumously in the works of Scipione Sgambati (Archivorum veteris testamenti, 1703), and Johann Albert Fabricius (Codes pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti, 1713-23). Fabricius provided the first narrative of the history of research on the book of Enoch, recording in details all its citations in the Letter of Jude, in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs and in the early Church Fathers, prior to its loss and (partial) recovery thanks to Scaliger and the works of 17th-century scholarship (Grotius, Pfeiffer, Grabe, and others). In addition, Fabricius offered a survey of Jewish Cabalistic texts (Zohar and Menahem Recanati), as well as Islamic and Hermetic sources, and discussed the status quaestionis about the possible existence of the book of Enoch in Ethiopia.

In the first half of the 18th century, the Fragments of Syncelus were translated into French (Pierre Jurieu, Histoire critique des dogmes et des cultes, 1704), German (Johann Christian Nehring, Neun Bücher Sibyllinischer Prophezeyungen, 1719), and in English (by William Whiston, 1727-28 and partly, in A Universal History, vol.1, 1747; translated into Italian in 1765). In 1710 Pompeo Sarnelli authored the first commentary on the surviving portions of the Book the Watchers. Nicolas Antoine Boulanger and Paul-Henri Thiry d'Holbach used the Syncellus fragments in their work on Enoch (1762).

Interest in Enoch remained strong in esoteric circles. The idea of the existence of a primeval wisdom played a formative role in the emergence of the Freemasonry (the first Lodge was officially established in London in 1717). In the self-understanding of the movement there was an unbroken line of continuity between the ancient Hermetic tradition and the Masonic experience and beliefs. The Freemasonic societies became the main vehicles for the spread of Hermetic traditions in Europe and the Americas.

The Enlightenment dismissed Enochian Magic as irrational superstition, but retained the Hermetic idea of the existence of a primeval wisdom. In his Histoire de la philosophie hermétique (1742) Nicolas Lenglet Du Fresnoy repeated the claim that the secret knowledge given by the fallen angels survived the Flood through the teachings of Noah. In his view Hermes Trismegistus was the the son of Mezraim, son of Ham, son of Noah, therefore a direct descendent of Enoch.

For more than two centuries, the book of Enoch had been a tantalizing presence. It was quoted in familiar text, such as the New Testament, the Church Fathers and in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs; it was said to be in Ethiopia; from time to time it was rumored to be somewhere in some libraries in Europe; it had become partly known again thanks to the fragments of Syncellus; and yet nobody seemed to be able to get it. Eventually, in 1769 the explorer (and freemason) James Bruce reached Ethiopia (officially in search for the source of the river Nile) and in 1773 brought back to Europe three copies of the Ethiopic version of the whole 1 Enoch. One copy was presented to King Louis XV of France and ended in the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris; a second was given to the Bodleian Library in Oxford; and the third was retained by Bruce for himself (and for the use of Scottish Freemasonry), being added to the Bodleian collections only after his death in 1794.

The mss brought by Bruce were the first mss to be studied and published in Europe. Already in 1774 the Oxonian Coptic scholar, Charles Godefroy Woide, published a short note about the manuscript of Enoch he had seen in Paris. However, the mss brought by Bruce were not the only manuscripts of Ethiopic Enoch present in Europe at that time. At Rome there was indeed another copy of 1 Enoch, in the library of Card. Leonardo Antonelli. its provenance remains unknown, but it is likely that arrived in Rome before the Bruce mss were brought to Europe.

Card Leonardo Antonelli ( had moved in 1775 to Palazzo Pamphilj in Piazza Navona in Rome. In the gallery of the palace he located the library he inherited from his uncle Card. Nicolò Maria Antonelli. As reported by the appointed librarian Francesco Cancellieri,^[1] Leonardo Antonelli's uncle Nicolò Maria Antonelli (1698-1767) had acquired most of the library from Card. Pietro Ottoboni (1667-1740), who had inherited it from his uncle Pietro Vito Ottoboni (Pope Alexander VIII; 1610-91) who in 1690 had purchased the manuscripts and books originally belonging to Christina, Queen of Sweden (1626-1689), donating more than 2000 Greek and Latin manuscripts to the Vatican Library but retaining some hundreds of them to his private library. Once again, when the Ottoboni Library also was acquired in 1746 by the Vatican Library, many manuscripts and books ended up in the Antonelli Library. The Ethiopic ms. was not a recent acquisition, because the very same year (1775) Leonardo Antonelli established the library, he asked the orientalist Agostino Antonio Giorgi to identify it, as part of the process of cataloguing all the material he had inherited. It remains unknown however when the Ethiopic ms reached Rome and at which stage it joined the collection. As most of the manuscripts come from the library of Christina of Sweden, and she had a strong interest in any kind of Oriental manuscripts,^[2] it is indeed likely that the ms had been in Rome since the 17th cent, if not earlier, although it seems that no one was ever aware it was there.

Even after being identified as a copy of the Book of Enoch, the manuscript remained untranslated and unpublished for decades. Only several years after Leonardo Antonelli's death, in the 1820s, the existence of the Rome Enoch ms would become internationally known thanks to Angelo Mai, who purchased it for the Vatican Library.

@2014 - Gabriele Boccaccini, University of Michigan

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