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'''John the Baptist''' (1st century CE) was a Jewish religious leader.
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See [[Annunciation to Zechariah]] / [[Birth of John the Baptist]] / [[Childhood of John the Baptist]] / [[John the Baptist in the Desert]] / [[Preaching of John the Baptist]] / [[Baptism of Jesus]] / [[Question about Fasting]] / [[Beheading of John the Baptist]]
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According to Christian (Jewish, and Islamic) traditions, '''John the Baptist''' (1st century CE) was a Jewish religious leader.


==Overview==
< ''Life of John the Baptist'' : [[Annunciation to Zacharias]] -- [[Visitation of Mary]] -- [[Birth of John the Baptist]] -- [[Child John the Baptist with Jesus]] -- [[Young John the Baptist in the Desert]] -- [[Preaching of John the Baptist]] -- [[Baptism of Jesus]] -- [[Question about Fasting]] -- [[Messengers from John the Baptist]] -- [[Death of John the Baptist]] -- [[Question about Authority]] -- [[Relics of John the Baptist]] >
John the Baptist is mentioned both in Christian sources and in the writings of Flavius Josephus.


==John the Baptist in ancient sources==
< ''Scholarship'' : [[John the Baptist (research)]] -- [[John the Baptist (sources)]]  >


====[[Gospel of Mark]]====
< ''Fiction'' : [[John the Baptist (fiction)]] -- [[John the Baptist (art)]] -- [[John the Baptist (literature)]] -- [[John the Baptist (music)]] -- [[John the Baptist (dance)]] -- [[John the Baptist (cinema)]] >
[[Preaching of John the Baptist]] -- Mark 1:2-8 (NRSV) -- ''[2] As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, "Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, who shall prepare thy way; [3] the voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight --" [4] John the baptizer appeared in the wilderness, preaching a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. [5] And there went out to him all the country of Judea, and all the people of Jerusalem; and they were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins. [6] Now John was clothed with camel's hair, and had a leather girdle around his waist, and ate locusts and wild honey. [7] And he preached, saying, "After me comes he who is mightier than I, the thong of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie. [8] I have baptized you with water; but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit."''


[[Baptism of Jesus]] -- Mark 1:9-11 (NRSV) -- ''[9] In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan. [10] And just as he was coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens torn apart and the Spirit descending like a dove on him. [11] And a voice came from heaven, "You are my Son, the Beloved; with you I am well pleased."''
< ''People'' : [[Zacharias]] -- [[Elizabeth]] -- [[Jesus of Nazareth]] -- [[Mary of Nazareth]] -- [[Joseph of Nazareth]] -- [[Herod Antipas]] -- [[Herodias]] -- [[Salome]] >


[[Beginning of Galilean Ministry]] -- Mark 1:14 -- '' Now after John was arrested, Jesus came into Galilee, proclaiming the gospel of God... ''
*This page is edited by [[Gabriele Boccaccini]], University of Michigan


[[Question about Fasting]] -- Mark 2:18–22 (NRSV) -- ''[18] Now John's disciples and the Pharisees were fasting; and people came and said to him, "Why do John's disciples and the disciples of the Pharisees fast, but your disciples do not fast?" [19] Jesus said to them, "The wedding guests cannot fast while the bridegroom is with them, can they? As long as they have the bridegroom with them, they cannot fast. [20] The days will come when the bridegroom is taken away from them, and then they will fast on that day. [21] "No one sews a piece of unshrunk cloth on an old cloak; otherwise, the patch pulls away from it, the new from the old, and a worse tear is made. [22] And no one puts new wine into old wineskins; otherwise, the wine will burst the skins, and the wine is lost, and so are the skins; but one puts new wine into fresh wineskins." ''
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[[Beheading of John the Baptist]] -- Mark 6:14-29 (NRSV) -- '' [14] King [[Herod Antipas|Herod]] heard of it, for Jesus' name had become known. Some were saying, "John the baptizer has been raised from the dead; and for this reason these powers are at work in him." 15 But others said, "It is Elijah." And others said, "It is a prophet, like one of the prophets of old." 16 But when Herod heard of it, he said, "John, whom I beheaded, has been raised." 17 For Herod himself had sent men who arrested John, bound him, and put him in prison on account of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, because Herod had married her. 18 For John had been telling Herod, "It is not lawful for you to have your brother's wife." 19 And [[Herodias]] had a grudge against him, and wanted to kill him. But she could not, 20 for Herod feared John, knowing that he was a righteous and holy man, and he protected him. When he heard him, he was greatly perplexed; and yet he liked to listen to him. 21 But an opportunity came when Herod on his birthday gave a banquet for his courtiers and officers and for the leaders of Galilee. 22 When his daughter Herodias came in and danced, she pleased Herod and his guests; and the king said to the girl, "Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give it." 23 And he solemnly swore to her, "Whatever you ask me, I will give you, even half of my kingdom." 24 She went out and said to her mother, "What should I ask for?" She replied, "The head of John the baptizer." 25 Immediately she rushed back to the king and requested, "I want you to give me at once the head of John the Baptist on a platter." 26 The king was deeply grieved; yet out of regard for his oaths and for the guests, he did not want to refuse her. 27 Immediately the king sent a soldier of the guard with orders to bring John's head. He went and beheaded him in the prison, 28 brought his head on a platter, and gave it to the girl. Then the girl gave it to her mother. 29 When his disciples heard about it, they came and took his body, and laid it in a tomb. ''
[[John the Baptist]] is mentioned both in Christian sources and in the writings of Flavius Josephus.  


[[Peter's Confession]] -- Mark.8.28 And they told him, “John the Baptist; and others say, Elijah; and others, one of the prophets.”
John was a Jewish religious leader who preached in the wilderness of [[Perea]] across the [[Jordan River]]. The location itself seems to suggest some eschatological reference to the experience of the Jews in the desert before the entrance into the Promised Land. [When the Gospel Matthew says that John preached "in the wilderness of Judea", it reflects anachronistically the situation after the year 44 CE, when [[Perea]] was annexed to Judea and became "the region of Judea beyond the Jordan" (Mt 19:1).]


[[Question about Authority]] -- Mark.11.30 Was the baptism of John from heaven or from man? Answer me.”
According to Christian sources, John's teaching was centered on the announcement of the imminent end of time and the coming of the [[Messiah]] as the eschatological Judge. John urged people to be baptized "with water" for forgiveness of sin, in order to avoid the destruction of the imminent baptist "with fire" of the Last Judgment (the reference to the "Holy Spirit" should be taken as a later attempt to connect John's announcement to the Christian baptism).
Mark.11.32 But shall we say, ‘From man’?”—they were afraid of the people, for they all held that John really was a prophet.


====[[Gospel of Matthew]]====
Christian sources insist that John did not make any messianic claim. [[Josephus]], who omits any reference to the eschatological teaching of John, also stresses that John did not claim any authority to forgive sins, but intended his baptist as an act of atonement and an invocation to God.
[[Preaching of John the Baptist]] -- Mt 3:1-12 (NRSV) -- ''[1] In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judea, [2] "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand." [3] For this is he who was spoken of by the prophet Isaiah when he said, "The voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight." [4] Now John wore a garment of camel's hair, and a leather girdle around his waist; and his food was locusts and wild honey. [5] Then went out to him Jerusalem and all Judea and all the region about the Jordan, [6] and they were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins. [7] But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming for baptism, he said to them, "You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come? [8] Bear fruit that befits repentance, [9] and do not presume to say to yourselves, `We have Abraham as our father'; for I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham. [10] Even now the axe is laid to the root of the trees; every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. [11] "I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I, whose sandals I am not worthy to carry; he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire. [12] His winnowing fork is in his hand, and he will clear his threshing floor and gather his wheat into the granary, but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire." ''


[[Baptism of Jesus]] -- Mt 3:13-17 (NRSV) -- ''[13] Then Jesus came from Galilee to John at the Jordan, to be baptized by him. 14 John would have prevented him, saying, "I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?" [15] But Jesus answered him, "Let it be so now; for it is proper for us in this way to fulfill all righteousness." Then he consented. [16] And when Jesus had been baptized, just as he came up from the water, suddenly the heavens were opened to him and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and alighting on him. [17] And a voice from heaven said, "This is my Son, the Beloved, with whom I am well pleased."''
Christians valued John as the precursor who prepared the path for the ministry of Jesus (and the Christian baptism), and later sources (especially the [[Gospel of John]]) would present John as the conscious witness of the messiahship of Jesus. In earlier sources (Gospel of Mark, and Q) however the relationship between John and Jesus is not as direct and obvious. Josephus also is not aware of any connection between the two.  


[[Beginning of Galilean Ministry]] -- Matthew 4:12 -- when he [i.e. Jesus] heard that John had been arrested, he withdrew into Galilee.
That Jesus was baptized by John, seems to be beyond doubt, as the Christian tradition had no interest in creating such an embarrassing event. Being baptized meant an acknowledgment of the authority of John and a recognition, from Jesus' part, that he was a sinner and in need of God's forgiveness. The Christian tradition solved the problem by turning the Baptism into the setting of an heavenly revelation, followed by a time of spiritual initiation in the desert (see [[Temptation of Jesus]])


[[Question about Fasting]] -- Mt 9:14-17 (NRSV) -- '' 14 Then the disciples of John came to him, saying, "Why do we and the Pharisees fast often, but your disciples do not fast?" 15 And Jesus said to them, "The wedding guests cannot mourn as long as the bridegroom is with them, can they? The days will come when the bridegroom is taken away from them, and then they will fast. 16 No one sews a piece of unshrunk cloth on an old cloak, for the patch pulls away from the cloak, and a worse tear is made. 17 Neither is new wine put into old wineskins; otherwise, the skins burst, and the wine is spilled, and the skins are destroyed; but new wine is put into fresh wineskins, and so both are preserved." ''
We see a clear progression in Christian tradition. According to the earliest Gospel (Mark [followed by Luke]), Jesus was among the many who were baptized by John and there was no special interaction between the two (even the voice from heaven addressed, and was heard by, Jesus only: "You are..."). On the contrary, in Matthew the two characters interact and the voice from heaven makes a sort of public announcement: "This is...". In John, the Baptist is "the witness" who explicitly invites his disciples to join Jesus the Messiah: "Here is the Lamb of God... This was he of whom I said...". Historically, however, the disciples of John and the disciples of Jesus remained two distinct groups, divided on the crucial issue of the coming of the Messiah, which the disciples of John (along with the Pharisees) continued to see as a future event (see [[Question about Fasting]], and [[Messengers from John the Baptist]]).  


Matthew 11:1-18?
John the Baptist was certainly imprisoned and executed by [[Herod Antipas]] at [[Machaerus]]. The reason must have been some criticism expressed by John toward Herod's marriage with [[Herodias]]. This situation was at the origin of the popular legend of the Banquet of Herod, which is reported in the Gospels of Mark and Matthew.


[[Beheading of John the Baptist]] -- Mt 14:1-12 (NRSV) -- '' [1] At that time Herod the ruler heard reports about Jesus; 2 and he said to his servants, "This is John the Baptist; he has been raised from the dead, and for this reason these powers are at work in him." 3 For Herod had arrested John, bound him, and put him in prison on account of [[Herodias]], his brother Philip's wife, 4 because John had been telling him, "It is not lawful for you to have her." 5 Though Herod wanted to put him to death, he feared the crowd, because they regarded him as a prophet. 6 But when Herod's birthday came, the daughter of Herodias danced before the company, and she pleased Herod 7 so much that he promised on oath to grant her whatever she might ask. 8 Prompted by her mother, she said, "Give me the head of John the Baptist here on a platter." 9 The king was grieved, yet out of regard for his oaths and for the guests, he commanded it to be given; 10 he sent and had John beheaded in the prison. 11 The head was brought on a platter and given to the girl, who brought it to her mother. 12 His disciples came and took the body and buried it; then they went and told Jesus. ''
Equally unreliable from the historical point of view is Luke's account of the infancy of John, which repeats traditional Jewish patterns about the miraculous birth of prophets and religious leaders. According to this narrative, John was the son of the priest [[Zacharias]] and [[Elizabeth]], thus a priest himself. The later Christian tradition would heavily elaborate on these legends and fill the "hidden years" of John's life with narratives about his meetings with the infant Jesus and his education in the wilderness.


Matt.16.14 And they said, “Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets.”
====John the Baptist, in Islamic traditions====


Matt.17.13 Then the disciples understood that he was speaking to them of John the Baptist.
In Arabic, John's name is Yahya. He is venerated as one of the 25 Prophets mentioned in the Quran, one in the chain of prophets who led to Jesus and Muhammad. His father, [[Zacharias]] (Zecheriah), was also one of these Prophets.


[[Question about Authority]] -- Matthew 21:23-27 -- [25] The baptism of John, from where did it come? From heaven or from man?” And they discussed it among themselves, saying, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say to us, ‘Why then did you not believe him?’
"And We bestowed upon Abraham (offspring) Isaac and Jacob and each of them did We guide to the right way as We had earlier guided Noah to the right way; and (of his descendants We guided) David and Solomon, Job, Joseph, Moses and Aaron. Thus do We reward those who do good. (And of his descendants We guided) Zecheriah, John, Jesus and Elias: each one of them was of the righteous." (Quran 6:84-85).
Matt.21.26 But if we say, ‘From man,’ we are afraid of the crowd, for they all hold that John was a prophet.”


Matt.21.32 For John came to you in the way of righteousness, and you did not believe him, but the tax collectors and the prostitutes believed him. And even when you saw it, you did not afterward change your minds and believe him.
Islam shares Christian traditions about the miraculous birth of John the Baptist, as the offspring of a barren mother and an elderly father (Quran 19:7-9). God made this child a blessing for his parents and beautiful in character, chaste and righteous (Quran 3:38-39).


====[[Gospel of Luke]]====
====[[Relics of John the Baptist]]====


[[Annunciation to Zechariah]] -- Luke 1:5-25 (NRSV) -- '' [5] In the days of King Herod of Judea, there was a priest named Zechariah, who belonged to the priestly order of Abijah. His wife was a descendant of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. 6 Both of them were righteous before God, living blamelessly according to all the commandments and regulations of the Lord. 7 But they had no children, because Elizabeth was barren, and both were getting on in years. 8 Once when he was serving as priest before God and his section was on duty, 9 he was chosen by lot, according to the custom of the priesthood, to enter the sanctuary of the Lord and offer incense. 10 Now at the time of the incense offering, the whole assembly of the people was praying outside. 11 Then there appeared to him an angel of the Lord, standing at the right side of the altar of incense. 12 When Zechariah saw him, he was terrified; and fear overwhelmed him. 13 But the angel said to him, "Do not be afraid, Zechariah, for your prayer has been heard. Your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you will name him John. 14 You will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth, 15 for he will be great in the sight of the Lord. He must never drink wine or strong drink; even before his birth he will be filled with the Holy Spirit. 16 He will turn many of the people of Israel to the Lord their God. 17 With the spirit and power of Elijah he will go before him, to turn the hearts of parents to their children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous, to make ready a people prepared for the Lord." 18 Zechariah said to the angel, "How will I know that this is so? For I am an old man, and my wife is getting on in years." 19 The angel replied, "I am Gabriel. I stand in the presence of God, and I have been sent to speak to you and to bring you this good news. 20 But now, because you did not believe my words, which will be fulfilled in their time, you will become mute, unable to speak, until the day these things occur." 21 Meanwhile the people were waiting for Zechariah, and wondered at his delay in the sanctuary. 22 When he did come out, he could not speak to them, and they realized that he had seen a vision in the sanctuary. He kept motioning to them and remained unable to speak. 23 When his time of service was ended, he went to his home. 24 After those days his wife Elizabeth conceived, and for five months she remained in seclusion. She said, 25 "This is what the Lord has done for me when he looked favorably on me and took away the disgrace I have endured among my people." ''
According to Christian and Islamic traditions, [[Relics of John the Baptist]] are preserved in Samaria, Damascus, Rome and Aachen, as well as in numerous other locations.
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[[Birth of John the Baptist]] -- Luke --


[[Preaching of John the Baptist]] -- Luke -- ''[1] In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the region of Iturae'a and Trachoni'tis, and Lysa'ni-as tetrarch of Abile'ne, [2] in the high-priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came to John the son of Zechariah in the wilderness; [3] and he went into all the region about the Jordan, preaching a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. [4] As it is written in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet, "The voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. [5] Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low, and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough ways shall be made smooth; [6] and all flesh shall see the salvation of God." [7] He said therefore to the multitudes that came out to be baptized by him, "You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come? [8] Bear fruits that befit repentance, and do not begin to say to yourselves, `We have Abraham as our father'; for I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham. [9] Even now the axe is laid to the root of the trees; every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire." [10] And the multitudes asked him, "What then shall we do?" [11] And he answered them, "He who has two coats, let him share with him who has none; and he who has food, let him do likewise." [12] Tax collectors also came to be baptized, and said to him, "Teacher, what shall we do?" [13] And he said to them, "Collect no more than is appointed you." [14] Soldiers also asked him, "And we, what shall we do?" And he said to them, "Rob no one by violence or by false accusation, and be content with your wages." [15] As the people were in expectation, and all men questioned in their hearts concerning John, whether perhaps he were the Christ, [16] John answered them all, "I baptize you with water; but he who is mightier than I is coming, the thong of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie; he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire. [17] His winnowing fork is in his hand, to clear his threshing floor, and to gather the wheat into his granary, but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire." [18] So, with many other exhortations, he preached good news to the people.''
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John the Baptist is a quite frequent character in fiction, but like in the gospel narratives, is never the protagonist. As the precursor of the Messiah, he is present in virtually all major fictional works on the Life of Jesus, with only a few conspicuous exceptions. And he is the innocent victim of the intrigues of [[Herod Antipas]], [[Herodias]] and [[Salome]], which led to his execution.
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[[Baptism of Jesus]] -- Lk 3:21-22 (NRSV) -- ''[21] Now when all the people were baptized, and when Jesus also had been baptized and was praying, the heaven was opened, [22] and the Holy Spirit descended upon him in bodily form like a dove. And a voice came from heaven, "You are my Son, the Beloved; with you I am well pleased."''
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[[Question about Fasting]] -- Luke 5:33-39 (NRSV) -- '' [33] Then they said to him, "John's disciples, like the disciples of the Pharisees, frequently fast and pray, but your disciples eat and drink. [34] Jesus said to them, "You cannot make wedding guests fast while the bridegroom is with them, can you? [35] The days will come when the bridegroom will be taken away from them, and then they will fast in those days." [36] He also told them a parable: "No one tears a piece from a new garment and sews it on an old garment; otherwise the new will be torn, and the piece from the new will not match the old. [37] And no one puts new wine into old wineskins; otherwise the new wine will burst the skins and will be spilled, and the skins will be destroyed. [38] But new wine must be put into fresh wineskins. [39] And no one after drinking old wine desires new wine, but says, 'The old is good.'" ''
John the Baptist is mentioned in early Christian sources and by [[Josephus]].


Luke.7.18 The disciples of John reported all these things to him. And John,
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Luke.7.20 And when the men had come to him, they said, “John the Baptist has sent us to you, saying, ‘Are you the one who is to come, or shall we look for another?’ ”
Luke.7.22 And he answered them, “Go and tell John what you have seen and heard: the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, the poor have good news preached to them.
Luke.7.24 When John’s messengers had gone, Jesus began to speak to the crowds concerning John: “What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken by the wind?
Luke.7.28 I tell you, among those born of women none is greater than John. Yet the one who is least in the kingdom of God is greater than he.”
Luke.7.29 (When all the people heard this, and the tax collectors too, they declared God just, having been baptized with the baptism of John,
Luke.7.33 For John the Baptist has come eating no bread and drinking no wine, and you say, ‘He has a demon.’


[[Beheading of John the Baptist]] -- Luke 9:7-9 (NRSV) -- [7] Now Herod the ruler heard about all that had taken place, and he was perplexed, because it was said by some that John had been raised from the dead, [8] by some that Elijah had appeared, and by others that one of the ancient prophets had arisen. [9] Herod said, "John I beheaded; but who is this about whom I hear such things?" And he tried to see him.
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Luke.11.1 Now Jesus was praying in a certain place, and when he finished, one of his disciples said to him, “Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.”
The study of the "historical" John the Baptist is an important element for the study of Second Temple Judaism and Christian Origins. Scholars have explored in particular the relationship of John with the [[Essenes]], his connections with [[Jesus of Nazareth]], and the role he played in the emergence of later movements, like the [[Mandeans]].
Luke.16.16 “The Law and the Prophets were until John; since then the good news of the kingdom of God is preached, and everyone forces his way into it.
Luke.20.4 Was the baptism of John from heaven or from man?”
Luke.20.6 But if we say, ‘From man,’ all the people will stone us to death, for they are convinced that John was a prophet.”


====[[Acts of Apostles]]====
==== Related subjects ====
Acts.1.5 for John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit not many days from now.”
Acts.1.22 beginning from the baptism of John until the day when he was taken up from us—one of these men must become with us a witness to his resurrection.”
Acts.10.37 you yourselves know what happened throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee after the baptism that John proclaimed:
Acts.11.16 And I remembered the word of the Lord, how he said, ‘John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit.’


Acts.18.25 He had been instructed in the way of the Lord. And being fervent in spirit, he spoke and taught accurately the things concerning Jesus, though he knew only the baptism of John.
*[[Zacharias]] -- [[Elizabeth]] -- [[Jesus of Nazareth]] -- [[Herod Antipas]] -- [[Herodias]] -- [[Salome]] -- [[Essenes]] -- [[Mandeans]]
Acts.19.3 And he said, “Into what then were you baptized?” They said, “Into John’s baptism.”
Acts.19.4 And Paul said, “John baptized with the baptism of repentance, telling the people to believe in the one who was to come after him, that is, Jesus.”


====[[Gospel of John]]====
==== References ====
Jn 1:6-8.15.29-36 (NRSV) -- ''[6] There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. [7] He came as a witness to testify to the light, so that all might believe through him. [8] He himself was not the light, but he came to testify to the light... [15] John testified to him and cried out, "This was he of whom I said, "He who comes after me ranks ahead of me because he was before me"''


Jn 1:29-36 (NRSV) -- [29] The next day he [i.e. [[John the Baptist]]] saw Jesus coming toward him and declared, "Here is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world! [30] This is he of whom I said, 'After me comes a man who ranks ahead of me because he was before me.' [31] I myself did not know him; but I came baptizing with water for this reason, that he might be revealed to Israel." [32] And John testified, "I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it remained on him. [33] I myself did not know him, but the one who sent me to baptize with water said to me, 'He on whom you see the Spirit descend and remain is the one who baptizes with the Holy Spirit.' [34] And I myself have seen and have testified that this is the Son of God." [35] The next day John again was standing with two of his disciples, [36] and as he watched Jesus walk by, he exclaimed, "Look, here is the Lamb of God!"...''
*'''John the Baptist''' / [[Joan E. Taylor]] / In: [[The Eerdmans Dictionary of Early Judaism (2010 Collins / Harlow), edited volume]], 819-821


John.3.23 John also was baptizing at Aenon near Salim, because water was plentiful there, and people were coming and being baptized
==== External links ====
John.3.24 (for John had not yet been put in prison).
John.3.25 Now a discussion arose between some of John’s disciples and a Jew over purification.
John.3.26 And they came to John and said to him, “Rabbi, he who was with you across the Jordan, to whom you bore witness—look, he is baptizing, and all are going to him.”
John.3.27 John answered, “A person cannot receive even one thing unless it is given him from heaven.
John.4.1 Now when Jesus learned that the Pharisees had heard that Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John
John.5.33 You sent to John, and he has borne witness to the truth.
John.5.36 But the testimony that I have is greater than that of John. For the works that the Father has given me to accomplish, the very works that I am doing, bear witness about me that the Father has sent me.
John.10.40 He went away again across the Jordan to the place where John had been baptizing at first, and there he remained.
John.10.41 And many came to him. And they said, “John did no sign, but everything that John said about this man was true.”


====Josephus, Jewish Antiquities====
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist Wikipedia] -- [http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messianic_claimants19.html Livius.org]
Ant XVIII 5, 2 -- ''Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod's army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John, that was called the Baptist: for Herod slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue, both as to righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God, and so to come to baptism; for that the washing [with water] would be acceptable to him, if they made use of it, not in order to the putting away [or the remission] of some sins [only], but for the purification of the body; supposing still that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by righteousness. Now when [many] others came in crowds about him, for they were very greatly moved [or pleased] by hearing his words, Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion, (for they seemed ready to do any thing he should advise,) thought it best, by putting him to death, to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties, by sparing a man who might make him repent of it when it would be too late. Accordingly he was sent a prisoner, out of Herod's suspicious temper, to Macherus, the castle I before mentioned, and was there put to death. Now the Jews had an opinion that the destruction of this army was sent as a punishment upon Herod, and a mark of God's displeasure to him.''
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08486b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]  
}}
 
|}
|}
 
== Life of John the Baptist ==


==John the Baptist in Scholarship==
The first Lives of [[John the Baptist]] were fictional accounts provides by theologians, artists and playwrights.


==John the Baptist in Fiction==
The traditional narrative followed the [[Gospel of Luke]] in the description of the infancy of John, was enriched by "apocryphal" legends about his childhood in the desert and his meetings as an infant and a child with Jesus of Nazareth, and then harmonized the few episodes narrated in the Gospels, finally focusing on his death as told in the Gospels of Mark and Matthew.


==Related subjects==
As in the Gospels and apocryphal stories, the narrative overlapped with the [[Life of Jesus]] ([[Visitation of Mary]]; [[Child John the Baptist with Jesus]]; [[Baptism of Jesus]]; [[Question about Fasting]]; [[Messengers from John the Baptist]]) and the [[Life of Mary]] ([[Visitation of Mary]], [[Child John the Baptist with Jesus]]).
*[[:Category:Herod Antipas (subject)|Herod Antipas (subject)]] / [[:Category:Herodias (subject)|Herodias (subject)]] / [[:Category:Salome (subject)|Salome (subject)]]
*[[:Category:Jesus of Nazareth (subject)|Jesus of Nazareth (subject)]]


==External links==
Over the century the popular interest came to concentrate almost exclusively on the events surrounding the [[Death of John the Baptist]] and in the works of artists and novelists the character of [[Salome]] overshadowed the prophet.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist Wikipedia]
 
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08486b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]  
Only since the second part of the 20th century, with the publication of the first scholarly "biographies," the character of John the Baptist has reemerged as a central figure in Second Temple Judaism and a key figure to understand Christian origins.
 
==External links ==
 
[[Category:Index (database)]]
[[Category:People (database)]]


[[Category:Subjects]]
[[Category:Prophets (subject)]]
[[Category:People]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 20 January 2021

John the Baptist (Home Page)
John the Baptist (Home Page)

Preaching Baptist Allori.jpg

According to Christian (Jewish, and Islamic) traditions, John the Baptist (1st century CE) was a Jewish religious leader.

< Life of John the Baptist : Annunciation to Zacharias -- Visitation of Mary -- Birth of John the Baptist -- Child John the Baptist with Jesus -- Young John the Baptist in the Desert -- Preaching of John the Baptist -- Baptism of Jesus -- Question about Fasting -- Messengers from John the Baptist -- Death of John the Baptist -- Question about Authority -- Relics of John the Baptist >

< Scholarship : John the Baptist (research) -- John the Baptist (sources) >

< Fiction : John the Baptist (fiction) -- John the Baptist (art) -- John the Baptist (literature) -- John the Baptist (music) -- John the Baptist (dance) -- John the Baptist (cinema) >

< People : Zacharias -- Elizabeth -- Jesus of Nazareth -- Mary of Nazareth -- Joseph of Nazareth -- Herod Antipas -- Herodias -- Salome >

Overview
Overview

John the Baptist is mentioned both in Christian sources and in the writings of Flavius Josephus.

John was a Jewish religious leader who preached in the wilderness of Perea across the Jordan River. The location itself seems to suggest some eschatological reference to the experience of the Jews in the desert before the entrance into the Promised Land. [When the Gospel Matthew says that John preached "in the wilderness of Judea", it reflects anachronistically the situation after the year 44 CE, when Perea was annexed to Judea and became "the region of Judea beyond the Jordan" (Mt 19:1).]

According to Christian sources, John's teaching was centered on the announcement of the imminent end of time and the coming of the Messiah as the eschatological Judge. John urged people to be baptized "with water" for forgiveness of sin, in order to avoid the destruction of the imminent baptist "with fire" of the Last Judgment (the reference to the "Holy Spirit" should be taken as a later attempt to connect John's announcement to the Christian baptism).

Christian sources insist that John did not make any messianic claim. Josephus, who omits any reference to the eschatological teaching of John, also stresses that John did not claim any authority to forgive sins, but intended his baptist as an act of atonement and an invocation to God.

Christians valued John as the precursor who prepared the path for the ministry of Jesus (and the Christian baptism), and later sources (especially the Gospel of John) would present John as the conscious witness of the messiahship of Jesus. In earlier sources (Gospel of Mark, and Q) however the relationship between John and Jesus is not as direct and obvious. Josephus also is not aware of any connection between the two.

That Jesus was baptized by John, seems to be beyond doubt, as the Christian tradition had no interest in creating such an embarrassing event. Being baptized meant an acknowledgment of the authority of John and a recognition, from Jesus' part, that he was a sinner and in need of God's forgiveness. The Christian tradition solved the problem by turning the Baptism into the setting of an heavenly revelation, followed by a time of spiritual initiation in the desert (see Temptation of Jesus)

We see a clear progression in Christian tradition. According to the earliest Gospel (Mark [followed by Luke]), Jesus was among the many who were baptized by John and there was no special interaction between the two (even the voice from heaven addressed, and was heard by, Jesus only: "You are..."). On the contrary, in Matthew the two characters interact and the voice from heaven makes a sort of public announcement: "This is...". In John, the Baptist is "the witness" who explicitly invites his disciples to join Jesus the Messiah: "Here is the Lamb of God... This was he of whom I said...". Historically, however, the disciples of John and the disciples of Jesus remained two distinct groups, divided on the crucial issue of the coming of the Messiah, which the disciples of John (along with the Pharisees) continued to see as a future event (see Question about Fasting, and Messengers from John the Baptist).

John the Baptist was certainly imprisoned and executed by Herod Antipas at Machaerus. The reason must have been some criticism expressed by John toward Herod's marriage with Herodias. This situation was at the origin of the popular legend of the Banquet of Herod, which is reported in the Gospels of Mark and Matthew.

Equally unreliable from the historical point of view is Luke's account of the infancy of John, which repeats traditional Jewish patterns about the miraculous birth of prophets and religious leaders. According to this narrative, John was the son of the priest Zacharias and Elizabeth, thus a priest himself. The later Christian tradition would heavily elaborate on these legends and fill the "hidden years" of John's life with narratives about his meetings with the infant Jesus and his education in the wilderness.

John the Baptist, in Islamic traditions

In Arabic, John's name is Yahya. He is venerated as one of the 25 Prophets mentioned in the Quran, one in the chain of prophets who led to Jesus and Muhammad. His father, Zacharias (Zecheriah), was also one of these Prophets.

"And We bestowed upon Abraham (offspring) Isaac and Jacob and each of them did We guide to the right way as We had earlier guided Noah to the right way; and (of his descendants We guided) David and Solomon, Job, Joseph, Moses and Aaron. Thus do We reward those who do good. (And of his descendants We guided) Zecheriah, John, Jesus and Elias: each one of them was of the righteous." (Quran 6:84-85).

Islam shares Christian traditions about the miraculous birth of John the Baptist, as the offspring of a barren mother and an elderly father (Quran 19:7-9). God made this child a blessing for his parents and beautiful in character, chaste and righteous (Quran 3:38-39).

Relics of John the Baptist

According to Christian and Islamic traditions, Relics of John the Baptist are preserved in Samaria, Damascus, Rome and Aachen, as well as in numerous other locations.


John the Baptist is a quite frequent character in fiction, but like in the gospel narratives, is never the protagonist. As the precursor of the Messiah, he is present in virtually all major fictional works on the Life of Jesus, with only a few conspicuous exceptions. And he is the innocent victim of the intrigues of Herod Antipas, Herodias and Salome, which led to his execution.

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John the Baptist is mentioned in early Christian sources and by Josephus.


The study of the "historical" John the Baptist is an important element for the study of Second Temple Judaism and Christian Origins. Scholars have explored in particular the relationship of John with the Essenes, his connections with Jesus of Nazareth, and the role he played in the emergence of later movements, like the Mandeans.

Related subjects

References

External links


Life of John the Baptist

The first Lives of John the Baptist were fictional accounts provides by theologians, artists and playwrights.

The traditional narrative followed the Gospel of Luke in the description of the infancy of John, was enriched by "apocryphal" legends about his childhood in the desert and his meetings as an infant and a child with Jesus of Nazareth, and then harmonized the few episodes narrated in the Gospels, finally focusing on his death as told in the Gospels of Mark and Matthew.

As in the Gospels and apocryphal stories, the narrative overlapped with the Life of Jesus (Visitation of Mary; Child John the Baptist with Jesus; Baptism of Jesus; Question about Fasting; Messengers from John the Baptist) and the Life of Mary (Visitation of Mary, Child John the Baptist with Jesus).

Over the century the popular interest came to concentrate almost exclusively on the events surrounding the Death of John the Baptist and in the works of artists and novelists the character of Salome overshadowed the prophet.

Only since the second part of the 20th century, with the publication of the first scholarly "biographies," the character of John the Baptist has reemerged as a central figure in Second Temple Judaism and a key figure to understand Christian origins.

External links

Pages in category "John the Baptist (subject)"

The following 81 pages are in this category, out of 81 total.

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2

Media in category "John the Baptist (subject)"

The following 12 files are in this category, out of 12 total.

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