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*[[:Category:Events|BACK TO THE EVENTS--INDEX]]
[[File:Annunciation Rossetti.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Annunciation to Mary]] (Rossetti, 1850)]]
[[File:Annunciation Joseph Gandolfi.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Annunciation to Joseph]] (Gandolfi, 1790)]]
[[File:Visitation2 Pontormo.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Visitation of Mary]] (Pontormo, 1529)]]
[[File:Birth Jesus Repin.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Birth of Jesus]] (Repin, 1894)]]
[[File:Adoration Shepherds Murillo.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Adoration of the Shepherds]] (Murillo, 1668)]]
[[File:Adoration Magi Leonardo.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Adoration of the Magi]] (Leonardo, 1482)]]
[[File:Circumcision Mantegna.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Circumcision of Jesus]] (Mantegna, 1461)]]
[[File:Presentation Jesus Eeckhout.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple]] (Eeckhout, 1671)]]
[[File:Innocents Cogniet.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Massacre of the Innocents]] (Cogniet, 1834)]]
[[File:Flight Egypt Giotto.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Flight into Egypt]] (Giotto, 1306)]]


*[[:Category:Events|BACK to the EVENTS--INDEX]]
*[[Jesus|BACK to the JESUS--INDEX]]


''' Nativity of Jesus ''' refers to a series of episodes in the life of [[Jesus of Nazareth]], associated with his birth and infancy, as narrated in the gospels of Matthew and Luke, and later Christian tradition.
 
*''Nativity of Jesus'' -> [[Jesus' Hidden Years]] -> [[Ministry of Jesus]] ([[Parables of Jesus]], [[Miracles of Jesus]]) -> [[Passion of Jesus]] -> [[Resurrection of Jesus]] -> [[Relics of Jesus]]


''' Nativity of Jesus ''' refers to a series of episodes in the lives of [[Jesus of Nazareth]] and [[Mary of Nazareth]], associated with Jesus' birth at [[Bethlehem]], as narrated in the gospels of Matthew and Luke, and later Christian tradition.
* [[Genealogy of Jesus]] -- [[Annunciation to Mary]] -- [[Annunciation to Joseph]] -- [[Visitation of Mary]] -- [[Birth of Jesus]] -- [[Adoration of the Shepherds]] -- [[Adoration of the Magi]] -- [[Circumcision of Jesus]] -- [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple]] -- [[Massacre of the Innocents]] -- [[Flight into Egypt]]
* Cf. [[Madonna and Child]] -- [[Joseph and Jesus]] -- [[Holy Family]]
< ''[[Life of Jesus]]'' : [[Nativity of Jesus]] -- [[Childhood of Jesus]] -- [[Jesus' Hidden Years]] -- [[Ministry of Jesus]] ([[Parables of Jesus]], [[Miracles of Jesus]]) -- [[Passion of Jesus]] -- [[Resurrection of Jesus]] -- [[Relics of Jesus]] >
< ''[[Life of Mary of Nazareth]]'' : [[Mary's Early Life]] -- [[Nativity of Jesus]] -- [[Jesus' Hidden Years]] -- [[Mary and the Ministry of Jesus]] --- [[Mary and the Early Church]] -- [[Relics of Mary of Nazareth]] >


==Overview==
==Overview==


THe historicity of the Nativity stories is largely disputed for three major reasons:
The historicity of the Nativity stories is largely disputed for three major reasons:


(a) The Gospels of Mark and John do not contain any narrative about the Nativity of Jesus at [[Bethlehem]] and seem to assume that Jesus was born at [[Nazareth]].  
(a) The Gospels of Mark and John do not contain any narrative about the Nativity of Jesus at [[Bethlehem]] and seem to assume that Jesus was born at [[Nazareth]].  


(b) There are no recorded sayings of Jesus, which refer to his birth at Bethlehem.
(b) There are no recorded sayings of Jesus, which refer to his birth at Bethlehem, while [[Nazareth]] is commonly mentioned as his "home." In all ancient sources, Jesus is consistently identified as ''Jesus of Nazareth'' (and never as ''Jesus of Bethlehem'').
   
   
(c) The Gospels of Matthew and Luke record the birth of Jesus at [[Bethlehem]], even though they offer two distinct narratives.  
(c) Both the Gospels of Matthew and Luke record the birth of Jesus at [[Bethlehem]], and yet offer two distinct narratives. The two accounts, although containing some common elements, are difficult to harmonize and appear to be theologically motivated.


According to Matthew, [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] and [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] lived at [[Bethlehem]]. When Mary's pregnancy was revealed, [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] would have liked to dismiss her but an angel announced to [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] in a dream the true origin of the child. A group of [[Magi]] came from the East to pay homage to the newborn "King of the Jews." [[Herod the Great]] was so angered that he ordered the killing of all infants at [[Bethlehem]]. [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]], [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] and baby Jesus escaped the massacre as [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] was alerted in a dream to leave [[Bethlehem]] to Egypt. They came back to the land of Israel only when [[Herod the Great]] died, but still afraid of his son [[Archelaus]], settled at [[Nazareth]] in [[Galilee]].
According to Matthew, [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] and [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] lived at [[Bethlehem]]. When Mary's pregnancy was revealed, [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] would have liked to dismiss her but an angel announced to [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] in a dream the true origin of the child. A group of [[Magi]] came from the East, following a "star," to pay homage to the newborn "King of the Jews." [[Herod the Great]] was so angered that he ordered the killing of all infants at [[Bethlehem]]. [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]], [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] and baby Jesus escaped the massacre as [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] was alerted in a dream to leave [[Bethlehem]] to Egypt. They came back to the land of Israel only when [[Herod the Great]] died, but still afraid of his son [[Archelaus]], settled at [[Nazareth]] in [[Galilee]]. Matthew's account seems motivated by the theological concern of presenting Jesus as the "new Moses," who in his early life repeated the experiences of the ancient patriarch, miraculously escaping death in his childhood (see [[Finding of Moses]]) and coming from Egypt to reveal the new covenant. 
   
   
According to Luke, [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] and [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] lived at Nazareth in Galilee. [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] received the annunciation of the birth of Jesus. When pregnant, she spent three months with her relative [[Elizabeth]], who was also expecting a baby, [[John the Baptist]]. [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] and [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] had to travel to [[Bethlehem]] to register for the census of [[Quirinius]]. During that trip, Jesus was born in the manger as his parents could not find room in the inn. A group of shepherds came and paid homage to the newborn. Jesus then was circumcised and presented to the Temple of Jerusalem, before his parents traveled back to [[Nazareth]].
According to Luke, [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] and [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] lived at Nazareth in Galilee. [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] received the annunciation of the birth of Jesus. When pregnant, she spent three months with her relative [[Elizabeth]], who was also expecting a baby, [[John the Baptist]]. [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] and [[Mary of Nazareth|Mary]] had to travel to [[Bethlehem]] to register for the census of [[Quirinius]], at the time of the Emperor Augustus and King Herod (sic!). During that trip, Jesus was born in the manger as his parents could not find room in the inn. A group of shepherds came and paid homage to the newborn. Jesus then was circumcised and presented to the Temple of Jerusalem, before his parents traveled back to [[Nazareth]]. Luke seems motivated by different concerns; the Nativity of Jesus as the Savior of Humankind is located in the more cosmopolitan context of the Roman Empire and the relation of jesus with Jerusalem and the Temple is presented in non-conflicting terms.
 
The circumstances of the birth of Jesus remain obscure. Nothing is said in ancient sources about the date (or the season) when Jesus was born. The chronology is uncertain. The "star" (possibly, Halley's Comet) appeared in October 12 BCE, Herod the Great died in 4 BCE, and the census of Quirinius occurred several years later, in 6 CE, when Herod's son [[Archelaus]] was removed from office and Judea became a Roman province. The census' purpose was to calculate property for taxation; it does not make any sense that people had to go back to their birthplace to register. The custom of celebrating the birthday of Jesus on December 25 derives from the Christianization of a pagan festival; see [[Christmas]].


The [[Protoevangelium of James]] harmonizes the narratives of Matthew and Luke, adding some new stories and details.
The tendency of later Christian traditions, starting with the Protoevangelium of James, was to merge and harmonize the narratives of Matthew and Luke and add numerous legendary elements in the process. No Christian source provides any additional historical elements.  


====List of events related to the Nativity of Jesus====
Some anti-Christian narratives developed as early as the 2nd century CE, which made Jesus the illegitimate son of Mary and a Roman soldier named ''Panthera''. Evidence of the Panthera legend are in the work of the Pagan philosopher [[Celsius]] (quoted by [[Origen]]), and in later Rabbinic texts (especially the so-called [[Toledot Yeshu]]). The name Panthera comes possibly as a corruption of ''parthenos'' (virgin); the phase "son of parthenos'' was turn into a common Roman name, Panthera, to discredit the reputation of Jesus. All the material contained in these later Jewish traditions developed as a parody of the Christian accounts and does not contain any reliable historical information. 


[[Gospel of Matthew]]:
The Islamic tradition provides an alternative account of the birth of Jesus, that only partially overlaps the Christian narrative. According the the [[Qur'an]], Maryam (=[[Mary of Nazareth]]) was not married when Isa (=[[Jesus of Nazareth]]) was born and was a virgin when Allah informed her through His angel Jibreel (=Gabriel) that she would give birth to the Messiah. Isa was then born miraculously from an act of God's will, like Adam or John the Baptist. Isa was born about 600 years before Prophet Muhammad in the area of the Bethlehem Valley "under a palm tree" (as the Qur'an says: "and the pangs of childbirth drove her [=Maryam) under a palm tree,” ch. 19:23). When Maryam returned to the Temple, Isa performed his first miracle by speaking miraculously as an infant from the cradle: "I am a servant of Allah (abd-Allāh). He has given me the Scripture and has made me a Prophet. And He has made me blessed wherever I may be and has not made me arrogant, or unblessed. Peace on me the day I was born, the day I die, and the day I shall be raised back to life." (19:30-33).
 
The majority of scholars tend to conclude that Jesus was born at Nazareth in the last years of the reign of Herod the Great, and that no reliable narratives have being preserved about his childhood. All narratives about the nativity of Jesus have more to do with questions about the identity of Jesus than with historical events.
 
==Nativity of Jesus, in ancient sources==
 
====[[Gospel of Matthew]]====


*[[Genealogy of Jesus]]
*[[Genealogy of Jesus]]
Line 34: Line 58:
*[[Flight into Egypt]]
*[[Flight into Egypt]]


[[Gospel of Luke]]:
====[[Gospel of Luke]]====
   
   
*[[Annunciation to Mary]]
*[[Annunciation to Mary]]
Line 44: Line 68:
*[[Genealogy of Jesus]]
*[[Genealogy of Jesus]]


[[Protoevangelium of James]]:
====[[Protoevangelium of James]]====


* [[Annunciation to Mary]]
* [[Annunciation to Mary]]
Line 53: Line 77:
* [[Massacre of the Innocents]] (and [[Martyrdom of Zacharias]])
* [[Massacre of the Innocents]] (and [[Martyrdom of Zacharias]])


==The Nativity of Jesus in ancient sources==
==Nativity of Jesus, in visual arts==
 
The Christian iconographic tradition harmonized the Gospels narratives, creating a cycle of scenes from the [[Annunciation to Mary]] to the return of the [[Holy Family]] from the [[Flight into Egypt]].
 
<gallery>
File:Annunciation Rossetti.jpg|[[Annunciation to Mary]] (Rossetti, 1850)
File:Annunciation Joseph Gandolfi.jpg|[[Annunciation to Joseph]] (Gandolfi, 1790)
File:Visitation2 Pontormo.jpg|[[Visitation of Mary]] (Pontormo, 1529)
File:Birth Jesus Repin.jpg|[[Birth of Jesus]] (Repin, 1894)
File:Adoration Shepherds Murillo.jpg|[[Adoration of the Shepherds]] (Murillo, 1668)
File:Adoration Magi Leonardo.jpg|[[Adoration of the Magi]] (Leonardo, 1482)
File:Circumcision Mantegna.jpg|[[Circumcision of Jesus]] (Mantegna, 1461)
File:Presentation Jesus Eeckhout.jpg|[[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple]] (Eeckhout, 1671)
File:Innocents Cogniet.jpg|[[Massacre of the Innocents]] (Cogniet, 1834)
File:Flight Egypt Giotto.jpg|[[Flight into Egypt]] (Giotto, 1306)
</gallery>
 
== Nativity of Jesus, in cinema ==
 
* [[The Star of Bethlehem (1912 Marston), feature film]]
* [[The Three Wise Men (1913 Campbell), short film]]
* [[The Birth of Our Saviour (1914 Brabin), short film]]
* [[Restitution (1918 Gaye), feature film]]
* [[Prince of Peace (1939 Carter), short film]]
* [[The Coventry Nativity Play (1947 BBC), TV film]]
* [[Il miracolo (The Miracle / 1948 Rossellini), short film]]
* [[The Coventry Nativity Play (1949 BBC), TV film]]
* [[A Time to Be Born (1951 BBC), TV film]]
* [[A Time to Be Born (1952 BBC), TV film]]
* [[Family Theatre: A Star Shall Rise (1952 Brahm), TV episode]]
* [[Studio One: The Play of the Nativity of the Child Jesus (1952 Schaffner), TV film]]
* [[A Time to Be Born (1953 BBC), TV film]]
* [[Away in a Manger (1954 Brooking), TV film]]
* [[Away in a Manger (1955 Brooking), TV film]]
* [[Joyful Hour (1960), TV film]]
* [[Play of the Week: Emmanuel (1960 Browning), TV film]]
* [[L'enfance du Christ (The Infancy of Christ / 1964 Schnur), TV film]]
* [[L'enfance du Christ (The Infancy of Christ / 1966 Münch), TV film]]
* [[The Nativity (1978 Kowalski), TV film]]
* [[The Very First Noel (2006 Cheney), animated short film]]
* [[The Nativity Story (2006 Hardwicke), feature film]]
* [[The Nativity (2010 Giedroyc), TV mini-series]]


==The Nativity of Jesus in Scholarship==


==The Nativity of Jesus in Fiction==
<gallery>
File:Nativity Film Marston.jpg|[[The Star of Bethlehem (1912 Marston), film]]
File:Nativity Film Kowalski.jpg|[[The Nativity (1978 Kowalski), film]]
File:Jesus Film Hardwicke.jpg|[[The Nativity Story (2006 Hardwicke), film]]
File:Jesus Film Mertes.jpg|[[La sacra famiglia (The Holy Family / 2006 Mertes), film]]
</gallery>


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 13:21, 28 August 2021

Annunciation to Mary (Rossetti, 1850)
Annunciation to Joseph (Gandolfi, 1790)
Visitation of Mary (Pontormo, 1529)
Birth of Jesus (Repin, 1894)
Adoration of the Shepherds (Murillo, 1668)
Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo, 1482)
Circumcision of Jesus (Mantegna, 1461)
Presentation of Jesus at the Temple (Eeckhout, 1671)
Massacre of the Innocents (Cogniet, 1834)
Flight into Egypt (Giotto, 1306)


Nativity of Jesus refers to a series of episodes in the lives of Jesus of Nazareth and Mary of Nazareth, associated with Jesus' birth at Bethlehem, as narrated in the gospels of Matthew and Luke, and later Christian tradition.

< Life of Jesus : Nativity of Jesus -- Childhood of Jesus -- Jesus' Hidden Years -- Ministry of Jesus (Parables of Jesus, Miracles of Jesus) -- Passion of Jesus -- Resurrection of Jesus -- Relics of Jesus >

< Life of Mary of Nazareth : Mary's Early Life -- Nativity of Jesus -- Jesus' Hidden Years -- Mary and the Ministry of Jesus --- Mary and the Early Church -- Relics of Mary of Nazareth >

Overview

The historicity of the Nativity stories is largely disputed for three major reasons:

(a) The Gospels of Mark and John do not contain any narrative about the Nativity of Jesus at Bethlehem and seem to assume that Jesus was born at Nazareth.

(b) There are no recorded sayings of Jesus, which refer to his birth at Bethlehem, while Nazareth is commonly mentioned as his "home." In all ancient sources, Jesus is consistently identified as Jesus of Nazareth (and never as Jesus of Bethlehem).

(c) Both the Gospels of Matthew and Luke record the birth of Jesus at Bethlehem, and yet offer two distinct narratives. The two accounts, although containing some common elements, are difficult to harmonize and appear to be theologically motivated.

According to Matthew, Joseph and Mary lived at Bethlehem. When Mary's pregnancy was revealed, Joseph would have liked to dismiss her but an angel announced to Joseph in a dream the true origin of the child. A group of Magi came from the East, following a "star," to pay homage to the newborn "King of the Jews." Herod the Great was so angered that he ordered the killing of all infants at Bethlehem. Joseph, Mary and baby Jesus escaped the massacre as Joseph was alerted in a dream to leave Bethlehem to Egypt. They came back to the land of Israel only when Herod the Great died, but still afraid of his son Archelaus, settled at Nazareth in Galilee. Matthew's account seems motivated by the theological concern of presenting Jesus as the "new Moses," who in his early life repeated the experiences of the ancient patriarch, miraculously escaping death in his childhood (see Finding of Moses) and coming from Egypt to reveal the new covenant.

According to Luke, Joseph and Mary lived at Nazareth in Galilee. Mary received the annunciation of the birth of Jesus. When pregnant, she spent three months with her relative Elizabeth, who was also expecting a baby, John the Baptist. Joseph and Mary had to travel to Bethlehem to register for the census of Quirinius, at the time of the Emperor Augustus and King Herod (sic!). During that trip, Jesus was born in the manger as his parents could not find room in the inn. A group of shepherds came and paid homage to the newborn. Jesus then was circumcised and presented to the Temple of Jerusalem, before his parents traveled back to Nazareth. Luke seems motivated by different concerns; the Nativity of Jesus as the Savior of Humankind is located in the more cosmopolitan context of the Roman Empire and the relation of jesus with Jerusalem and the Temple is presented in non-conflicting terms.

The circumstances of the birth of Jesus remain obscure. Nothing is said in ancient sources about the date (or the season) when Jesus was born. The chronology is uncertain. The "star" (possibly, Halley's Comet) appeared in October 12 BCE, Herod the Great died in 4 BCE, and the census of Quirinius occurred several years later, in 6 CE, when Herod's son Archelaus was removed from office and Judea became a Roman province. The census' purpose was to calculate property for taxation; it does not make any sense that people had to go back to their birthplace to register. The custom of celebrating the birthday of Jesus on December 25 derives from the Christianization of a pagan festival; see Christmas.

The tendency of later Christian traditions, starting with the Protoevangelium of James, was to merge and harmonize the narratives of Matthew and Luke and add numerous legendary elements in the process. No Christian source provides any additional historical elements.

Some anti-Christian narratives developed as early as the 2nd century CE, which made Jesus the illegitimate son of Mary and a Roman soldier named Panthera. Evidence of the Panthera legend are in the work of the Pagan philosopher Celsius (quoted by Origen), and in later Rabbinic texts (especially the so-called Toledot Yeshu). The name Panthera comes possibly as a corruption of parthenos (virgin); the phase "son of parthenos was turn into a common Roman name, Panthera, to discredit the reputation of Jesus. All the material contained in these later Jewish traditions developed as a parody of the Christian accounts and does not contain any reliable historical information.

The Islamic tradition provides an alternative account of the birth of Jesus, that only partially overlaps the Christian narrative. According the the Qur'an, Maryam (=Mary of Nazareth) was not married when Isa (=Jesus of Nazareth) was born and was a virgin when Allah informed her through His angel Jibreel (=Gabriel) that she would give birth to the Messiah. Isa was then born miraculously from an act of God's will, like Adam or John the Baptist. Isa was born about 600 years before Prophet Muhammad in the area of the Bethlehem Valley "under a palm tree" (as the Qur'an says: "and the pangs of childbirth drove her [=Maryam) under a palm tree,” ch. 19:23). When Maryam returned to the Temple, Isa performed his first miracle by speaking miraculously as an infant from the cradle: "I am a servant of Allah (abd-Allāh). He has given me the Scripture and has made me a Prophet. And He has made me blessed wherever I may be and has not made me arrogant, or unblessed. Peace on me the day I was born, the day I die, and the day I shall be raised back to life." (19:30-33).

The majority of scholars tend to conclude that Jesus was born at Nazareth in the last years of the reign of Herod the Great, and that no reliable narratives have being preserved about his childhood. All narratives about the nativity of Jesus have more to do with questions about the identity of Jesus than with historical events.

Nativity of Jesus, in ancient sources

Gospel of Matthew

Gospel of Luke

Protoevangelium of James

Nativity of Jesus, in visual arts

The Christian iconographic tradition harmonized the Gospels narratives, creating a cycle of scenes from the Annunciation to Mary to the return of the Holy Family from the Flight into Egypt.

Nativity of Jesus, in cinema


External links

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