Category:MS St. Louis (subject)

Memoirs: No Reply, by Henry Gallant

MS St. Louis (see Holocaust Children Studies)

Overview

On May 13, 1939, the Hamburg-Amerika luxury liner, MS St. Louis, sailed for Havana, Cuba, carrying 937 Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany (including 200 children). The plan was to wait there for permission to enter the US.

All passengers bore legitimate landing certificates for Cuba. However, during the two-week period that the ship was en route to Havana, the landing certificates granted by the Cuban director general of immigration in lieu of regular visas, were invalidated by the pro-fascist Cuban government. As a result, when the St. Louis reached Havana on May 27, 1939, Cuban authorities denied entry to all but 28 of the passengers. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) dispatched Lawrence Berenson to Cuba to negotiate with local officials but Cuban president Federico Laredo Bru insisted that the ship leave Havana harbor. After a week, the ship sailed to the American coast, but was denied entry.

The US government likewise refused to make any exception to the quota limits. On June 6, 1939, the ship was forced to head back to Europe. While the ship was en route to Antwerp, Belgium, Jewish aid organizations negotiated with European governments to admit the passengers rather than return them to Germany (287 to Great Britain; 214 to Belgium; 224 to France; 181 to the Netherlands). The ship docked in Antwerp, Belgium, on June 17, 1939.

Only those who were accepted by Great Britain found relative safety. The others were soon to be subject once again to Nazi rule with the German invasion of western Europe in the spring of 1940. A fortunate few succeeded in emigrating before this became impossible. In the end, 227 of the 619 St. Louis passengers who found temporary refuge in Belgium, France and the Netherlands died at the hands of the Nazis, but the majority survived the war.

Literature

Memoirs : No Reply: A Jewish Child Aboard the MS St. Louis and the Ordeal That Followed, by Henry Gallant

May 13, 1939. The MS St. Louis ocean liner pulls out of Hamburg harbor and begins a long journey across the Atlantic Ocean toward Cuba. On board are more than 900 German Jews fleeing Hitler, including Hermann and Rita Goldstein and their 10-year-old son, Heinz. The passengers hope to stay in Cuba while they wait for visas to enter the United States. However, once the ship arrives in Havana’s harbor, the Cuban government refuses to let the passengers enter. An urgent request goes out to America, seeking permission to dock. But a plea sent all the way up to the White House is ignored. Passengers are told that, without visas, they cannot come into the United States. The ship’s captain has no choice but to turn back to Europe, where many passengers will be delivered into the lethal hands of the Nazis. "NO REPLY: A Jewish Child Aboard the MS St. Louis and the Ordeal That Followed" tells the story of Heinz and his harrowing flight for safety.

Book : The Saddest Ship Afloat, by Allison Lawlor

On May 13, 1939, the eve of the Second World War, the MS St. Louis left port in Hamburg, Germany, headed for Havana, Cuba. Among the ship's passengers were more than six hundred Jews attempting to escape Nazi rule. But most of the visas the passengers had purchased turned out to be fake and after several days in limbo in Havana's harbour, the ship's captain turned back for Europe. Canadian and American activists petitioned their governments to accept the refugees on humanitarian grounds, but to no avail. On its return, the ship would distribute its passengers among European countries, and over the course of the war, an estimated 250 would die in the Nazi-run concentration camps.

The latest in the Stories of our Past series is illustrated with photos and sidebar features on the voyage, glimpses into the lives of passengers, a look at Canada's postwar refugee policy, and memorials dedicated to preserving the story of this tragic event in Canadian immigration history.

Book : Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust, by Sarah A. Ogilvie and Scott Miller

The ordeal of the refugee ship St. Louis has become a symbol of the world's indifference to the plight of European Jewry on the eve of the Holocaust. In the spring of 1939, more than nine hundred Jewish refugees boarded the St. Louis in Hamburg, Germany

Novel : 37 Days at Sea: Aboard the M.S. St. Louis, 1939, by Barbara Krasner

In May 1939, nearly one thousand German-Jewish passengers boarded the M.S. St. Louis luxury liner bound for Cuba. They hoped to escape the dangers of Nazi Germany and find safety in Cuba. In this novel in verse, twelve-year-old Ruthie Arons is one of the refugees, traveling with her parents. Ruthie misses her grandmother, who had to stay behind in Breslau, and worries when her father keeps asking for his stomach pills. But when the ship is not allowed to dock in Havana as planned―and when she and her friend Wolfie discover a Nazi on board―Ruthie must take action. In the face of hopelessness, she and her fellow passengers refuse to give up on the chance for a new life.

Barbara Krasner publishes the popular blog, The Whole Megillah: The Writer's Resource for Jewish-Themed Story. She is the author of many articles, short stories, poems, and books. She lives in New Jersey and teaches in the English and History departments of New Jersey colleges and universities.

The Children

• Full Passenger List

Group portrait of children on the deck of the MS St. Louis. Pictured in the front row, from left to right are: Herbert Karliner, Harry Guttmann, Hans Schelansky. In the second row: Eugene Moses, unknown, Erich Stein, Walter Karliner, and Hans Hermann Fischer.

Among those pictured are Evelyn Klein (back row, center), Herbert Karliner (front row, left), Walter Karliner (front row, second from the left), Erich Stein (front row, second from the right), and Hans Fuld (font row, far right).

Disembarked in Cuba (28 passengers, 5 children, all saved)

1. Evelyn Aber / Evelyn Lisi (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
2. Beatrice Bonne / Beatrice Sichel (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
3. Hans-Jacob Bonne (M / Germany, 1939), Holocaust survivor
4. Evelyn Klein / Evelyn Altman (F / Hungary, 1930-2002), Holocaust survivor
5. Wolfgang Schüfftan (M / Germany, 1936), Holocaust survivor

Disembarked in England (288 passengers, 39 children, all saved)

1. Resi Adler (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
2. Liselotte Arndt / Lotte Brown (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
3. Margit Banemann / Margit Hess (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
4. {Photo} Ruth Blumenstock / Ruth Mandel (F / Austria, 1938), Holocaust survivor
5. Inge Czerninski / Joan Boldt (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
6. Zilla Dresel Coorsh (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
7. Bella Dubiecki / Bella Mlodinoff (F / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
8. Philip Freund (M / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
9. Lieselotte Freund / Lisa Avedon (M / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
10. Hans Fuld / Harry Fuld (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
11. {Photo} Gerd-Fritz Grünstein / Gerald Granston (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
12. Rosi Guttmann / Rose Adler (F / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
13. Helga Guttmann / Helga Fixler (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
14. Harry Guttmann / Harry Goodman (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
15. Lilo Heldenmuth / Lilo Goldstone (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
16. Karl Hoffmann / Charles Hoffmann (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
17. Liesl Joseph / Liesel Loeb (F / Germany, 1928-2013), Holocaust survivor
18. Karl Kirchhausen (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
19. Sonja Knepel / Sonja Sternberg (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
20. Fritz Loewe / Frederick Loewe (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
21. Sonja Maier / Sonja Geismar (F / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
22. Wolfgang Metis / Frank Metis (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
23. Annette Metis / Annette Gallagher (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
24. {Photo} Hans Meyerstein / John Meyerstein (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
25. Israel Riegelhaupt / Israel Ralph (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
26. Jacques Ring / Jack Ring (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
27. Margrit Rosenthal (F / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
28. Eva Safier / Eva Wiener (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
29. Beate Schoeps / Beate Avedon (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
30. Wolfgang Schönemann / William Schoenemann (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
31. Hanna Secemski / Hanna Wolf (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
32. Renate Silberstein (F / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
33. Gert Silberstein (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
34. Joseph Singer (M / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor
35. Erich Spitz / Eric Spitz (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
36. Erich Stein / Eric Stein (M / Austria, 1928), Holocaust survivor
37. Ingeborg Weil / Ingeborg Ohringer (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
38. Susanna Weil / Sue Tauber (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
39. Margot Zellner / Margot Reed (F / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor

Disembarked in Belgium (214 passengers, 35 children, 9 victims, 26 survivors)

1. {Photo} Gerd Altschul / Gerry Allan (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
2. {Photo} Rolf Altschul / Rolf Allan (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
3. Alfred Begleiter / Alfred Baert (M / Austria, 1935), Holocaust survivor
4. Klaus Blatteis / Clark Blatteis (M / Germany, 1932-2021), Holocaust survivor
5. Jan Chraplewski / Jan Caron (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
6. {Photo} Peter Chraplewski (M / Germany, 1937), Holocaust survivor
7. Eva Dublon (F / Germany, 1933-194?), Holocaust victim <Deported at Mechelen & Auschwitz>
8. Lore Dublon / Lotte Dublon (F / Germany, 1927-194?), Holocaust victim <Deported at Mechelen, Auschwitz & Golleschau>
9. Bertha Feilchenfeld / Judith Feilchenfeld (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor
10. Heinz Feilchenfeld (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
11. Raphael Feilchenfeld (M / Germany, 1937-1941), Holocaust victim <Died in Brussels, Belgium>
12. Wolf Feilchenfeld / Ze'ev Feilchenfeld (M / Germany, 1928-2007), Holocaust survivor
13. Fella Flamberg / Faye Ben-Saull (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
14. Joachim Grubner (M / Germany, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim <Deported at Drancy & Auschwitz>
15. Ernst Joseph (M / Germany, 1925-1942), Holocaust victim <Deported at Drancy & Auschwitz>
16. Hannelore Kaufherr (F / Germany, 1926-194?), Holocaust victim <Deported at Mechelen & Auschwitz>
17. Anneliese Loeb / Ann Marx (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
18. Armin Loeb (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
19. Ruth Loeb / Ruth Forrest (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
20. Hella Loevinsohn / Hella Roubicek (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
21. {Photo} Salo Messinger / Sol Messinger (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
22. Lia Motulsky / Leah Kadden (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
23. Lothar Motulsky / Larry Molton (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
24. Gerda Oberdorfer (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
25. Stefanie Oberdorfer (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
26. Ernst Roubitschek (M / Austria, 1926), Holocaust survivor
27. Egon Salmon (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
28. Edith Salmon / Edith Smith (F / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
29. Ruth Sandberg (F / Germany, 1925-1942), Holocaust victim <Deported at Mechelen & Auschwitz>
30. Leo Silber (M / Germany, 1930-1942), Holocaust victim <Deported at Drancy & Auschwitz>
31. Paul Stark (M / Austria, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim <Deported at Mechelen & Auschwitz>
32. Fritz-Dieter Vendig (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
33. Heiner Vendig (M / Germany, 1937), Holocaust survivor
34. Edith Wallerstein / Edith Rotem (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
35. Julius Wallerstein / Jules Wallerstein (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor

Disembarked in the Netherlands (181 passengers, 31 children, 18 deported, 11 victims, 20 survivors)

1. Heinz-Georg Blumenstein (M / Austria, 1935), Holocaust survivor
2. Rudi Dingfelder / Robert Felder (M / Germany, 1924-1986), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork, Vught, Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen. Survived>
3. {Photo} Michael Fink / Michael Barak (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor
4. Eva Ruth Friedmann / Eva Ruth Rapp-Fleischmann (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork & Theresienstadt> <Survived>
5. Gerhard Gabel (M / Germany, 1937-1944), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork, Theresienstadt & Auschwitz>
6. Alexander Gruber (M / Germany, 1926-1945), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork, Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, Dachau, Flossenburg & Leitmeritz>
7. Lutz Grünthal (M / Germany, 1928-1944), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork, Theresienstadt & Auschwitz>
8. Horst-Martin Grünthal (M / Germany, 1930-1944), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork, Theresienstadt & Auschwitz>
9. Ruthild Grünthal (F / Germany, 1928-1944), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork, Theresienstadt & Auschwitz>
10. Sibyll Grünthal (F / Germany, 1931-1944), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork, Theresienstadt & Auschwitz>
11. Martin Hess (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
12. {Photo} Joachim Hirsch (M / Germany, 1937-1944), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork, Theresienstadt & Auschwitz>
13. Thomas Jacobsohn (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor
14. {Photo} Rudolf Jacobsohn / Rudolf Cohen (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
15. Annemarie Karmann / Ana Gordon (F / Austria, 1935), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork & Ravensbruck. Survived>
16. Hannelore Klein Grünberg (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork, Theresienstadt, Auschwitz & Mauthausen. Survived>
17. Hans Lenneberg (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
18. Ingeborg Levin / Inge Schneider (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork & Bergen-Belsen. Survived>
19. Miriam Levin Michaelis (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork & Bergen-Belsen. Survived>
20. Hans Otto Loeb (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
21. Gert Egon Philippi (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
22. {Photo} Renate Reutlinger / Ronnie Breslow (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
23. Jan Schillinger / John Schilling (M / Czechia, 1936), Holocaust survivor
24. Jiri Schillinger / George Schilling (M / Czechia, 1938), Holocaust survivor
25. Ilse Simon (F / Germany, 1928-1943), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork & Sobibor. Perished>
26. {Photo} Ines Spanier / Ines Jacoby (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork. Survived>
27. {Photo} Renate Spanier / Renee Goldman (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork. Survived>
28. {Photo} Werner Stein (M / Germany, 1936-1943), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork & Auschwitz. Perished>
29. Franz Peter Warschawsky (M / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
30. Ernst Weinstock (M / Germany, 1931-1943), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork & Sobibor. Perished>
31. Renate Weltmann (F / Germany, 1930-1943), Holocaust victim <Deported to Westerbork & Auschwitz. Perished>

Disembarked in France (224 passengers, 39 children, 12 victims)

1. Magdalena Bardeleben / Magdalena Vargish (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor <not Jewish>
2. Dieter Brandt (M / Germany, 1937-1942), Holocaust victim <Deported to Septfonds, Drancy & Auschwitz. Perished>
3. Nissim Eskenazy (F / Germany, 1939), Holocaust survivor
4. Hans Hermann Fischer / Hans Fisher (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
5. Ruth Fischer / Ruth Bickhardt (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
6. Lore Alice Goldschmidt / Lore Alice Oster (F / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
7. Heinz Goldstein / Henry Gallant (M / Germany, 1928-2019), Holocaust survivor
8. Heinz Ludwig Greve / Lutz Greve (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
9. Evelyn Greve (F / Germany, 1928-1944), Holocaust victim <Arrested in Italy. Deported in Borgo San Dalmazzo, Auschwitz. Perished>
10. Ruth Heilbrun Windmuller (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor
11. Ingeborg Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim * Chateau de Montintin <Deported to Drancy & Auschwitz. Perished>
12. Günther Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim * Chateau de Montintin <Deported to Gurs, Drancy, Auschwitz. Perished>
13. Ilse Hess Shellan (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor * Chateau de Montintin
14. Bella Isner Uhlfelder (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Poitiers & Drancy. Survived>
15. Ruth Isner Kissinger (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Poitiers & Drancy. Survived>
16. Gunther Joel (M / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor * Chateau de Montintin
17. Brigitte Joseph (F / Germany, 1930-1942), Holocaust victim <Deported to Casseneuil, Drancy, Auschwitz. Perished>
18. {Photo} Walter Karliner (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
19. {Photo} Herbert Karliner (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
20. {Photo} Ruth Karliner (F / Germany, 1927-1942), Holocaust victim <Deported to Drancy, Auschwitz. Perished>
21. {Photo} Judith Köppel / Judith Steel (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Gurs. Then hidden (parents killed). Survived>
22. Wolfgang Manasse (M / Germany, 1929-1943), Holocaust victim <Arrested in Italy. Deported from Borgo San Dalmazzo to Drancy and Auschwitz. Perished>
23. Elisabeth Mendel / Lisa Loshin (F / Germany, 1931), Holocaust survivor * Chateau Le Masgelier <OSE France>
24. Karl Mendel (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor * Chateau Le Masgelier
25. Eugene Moses / Gene Moser (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
26. Helmut Moses / Harvey Moser (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
27. {Photo} Friedrich Reif / Frederick Reif (M / Austria, 1927), Holocaust survivor
28. {Photo} Liane Reif / Liane Lehrer (F / Germany, 1934), Holocaust survivor
29. Harry Roth (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor <Casablanca to Cuba 23 Mar1942,Triscornia Camp until dep for US in 1951; OSE Montmorency until June 1941>
30. Horst Rotholz (M / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim * Chateau de Montintin <Deported at Drancy & Auschwitz. Perished>
31. Hans-Heinz Schelansky / Henry Shellan (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
32. Helga Skotzki (F / Germany, 1927-1942), Holocaust victim -- Gunter, 46 ans, né le 26/04/1896, tricoteur, et son épouse Charlotte, 48 ans, née Feldmann le 14/04/1894, sont réfugiés à Clairac avec leurs deux enfants nés à Berlin (Allemagne), Helga, 15 ans, né le 10/11/1927, étudiante, et Inge, 14 ans, né le 02/12/1928, étudiant. Arrêtée parce que juive, elle est envoyée au Camp de Sauvaud à Casseneuil, avant d'être déportée sans retour du Camp de Drancy vers Auschwitz par le convoi n° 30 du 9 septembre 1942.
33. Inge Skotzki (F / Germany, 1928-1942), Holocaust victim <Deported to Casseneuil, Drancy, Auschwitz. Perished>
34. Walter Trödel (M / Austria, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim <Deported to Drancy, Auschwitz. Perished>
35. Erich Trödel (M / Austria, 1929-194?), Holocaust victim <Deported to Drancy, Auschwitz. Perished>
36. Gerda Waldbaum (F / Germany, 1937), Holocaust survivor
37. Ernst Weil (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
38. Rudi Windmüller (M / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor <OSE; no SSDI; died in early 1960s - was in the US Army, diagnosed with MS.>
39. Hidegard Wolff Goldsmith (F / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor

Victims and Survivors

Emigrated to England by the Summer 1939

1. Gerd Altschul / Gerry Allan (M / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
2. Rolf Altschul / Rolf Allan (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor

Emigrated to Morocco

1. Klaus Blatteis / Clark Blatteis (M / Germany, 1932-2021), Holocaust survivor

Emigrated to the United States by 1942

1. Egon Salmon (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
2. Friedrich Reif / Frederick Reif (M / Austria, 1927), Holocaust survivor
3. Liesl Joseph / Liesel Loeb (F / Germany, 1928-2013), Holocaust survivor
4. Hans Hermann Fischer / Hans Fisher (M / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor
5. Ruth Fischer / Ruth Bickhardt (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor
6. Renate Reutlinger / Ronnie Breslow (F / Germany, 1930), Holocaust survivor
7. Salo Messinger / Sol Messinger (M / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor
8. Rudolf Jacobsohn / Rudolf Cohen (M / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
9. Edith Salmon / Edith Smith (F / Germany, 1933), Holocaust survivor
10. Liane Reif / Liane Lehrer (F / Austria, 1934), Holocaust survivor
11. Thomas Jacobsohn (M / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor

Survived in hiding

1. Walter Karliner (M / Germany, 1924), Holocaust survivor
2. Herbert Karliner (M / Germany, 1926), Holocaust survivor
3. Judith Köppel / Judith Steel (F / Germany, 1938), Holocaust survivor

Survived by crossing the Swiss border

1. Heinz Goldstein / Henry Gallant (M / Germany, 1928-2019), Holocaust survivor
2. Fritz Vendig (M / Germany, 1932-2001), Holocaust survivor
3. Heiner Vendig (M / Germany, 1937-2003), Holocaust survivor

Survived in concentration camps

1. Rudi Dingfelder / Robert Felder (M / Germany, 1924-1986), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork, Vught, Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen>
2. Ingeborg Levin / Inge Schneider (F / Germany, 1925), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork & Bergen-Belsen>
3. Hannelore Klein / Hannelore Grünberg (F / Germany, 1927), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork, Theresienstadt, Auschwitz & Mauthausen>
4. Eva Ruth Friedmann / Eva Ruth Rapp-Fleischmann (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork & Theresienstadt>
5. Miriam Levin / Miriam Michaelis (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork & Bergen-Belsen>
6. Bella Isner / Bella Uhlfelder (F / Germany, 1928), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Poitiers & Drancy>
7. Ruth Isner / Ruth Kissinger (F / Germany, 1929), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Poitiers & Drancy>
8. Ines Spanier / Ines Jacoby (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork>
9. Renate Spanier / Renee Goldman (F / Germany, 1932), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork>
10. Michael Fink / Michael Barak (M / Germany, 1935), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork & Theresienstadt>
11. Annemarie Karmann / Ana Gordon (F / Austria, 1935), Holocaust survivor <Deported to Westerbork & Ravensbruck>

Perished in death camps

1. Horst Rotholz (M / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
2. Günther Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1924-194?), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
3. Joachim Grubner (M / Germany, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim <Belgium/Auschwitz>
4. Ingeborg Heilbrun (F / Germany, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
5. Ernst Joseph (M / Germany, 1925-1942), Holocaust victim <Belgium/Auschwitz>
6. Ruth Sandberg (F / Germany, 1925-1942), Holocaust victim <Belgium/Auschwitz>
7. Paul Stark (M / Austria, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim <Belgium/Auschwitz>
8. Hannelore Kaufherr (F / Germany, 1926-194?), Holocaust victim <Belgium/Auschwitz>
9. Walter Trödel (M / Austria, 1925-194?), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
10. Alexander Gruber (M / Germany, 1926-1945), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Leitmeritz>
11. Lore Dublon / Lotte Dublon (F / Germany, 1927-194?), Holocaust victim <Belgium/Golleschau>
12. Ruth Karliner (F / Germany, 1927-1942), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
13. Helga Skotzki (F / Germany, 1927-1942), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
14. Lutz Grünthal (M / Germany, 1928-1944), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Auschwitz>
15. Ilse Simon (F / Germany, 1928-1943), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Sobibor>
16. Ruthild Grünthal (F / Germany, 1928-194?), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Auschwitz>
17. Evelyn Greve (F / Germany, 1928-1944), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
18. Inge Skotzki (F / Germany, 1928-1942), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
19. Erich Trödel (M / Austria, 1929-194?), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
20. Wolfgang Manasse (M / Germany, 1929-1943), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
21. Brigitte Joseph (F / Germany, 1930-1942), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
22. Horst-Martin Grünthal (M / Germany, 1930-194?), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Auschwitz>
23. Leo Silber (M / Germany, 1930-1942), Holocaust victim <Belgium/Auschwitz>
24. Renate Weltmann (F / Germany, 1930-1943), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Auschwitz>
25. Sibyll Grünthal (F / Germany, 1931-1944), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Auschwitz>
26. Ernst Weinstock (M / Germany, 1931-1943), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Sobibor>
27. Eva Dublon (F / Germany, 1933-194?), Holocaust victim <Belgium/Auschwitz>
28. Werner Stein (M / Germany, 1936-1943), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Auschwitz>
29. Dieter Brandt (M / Germany, 1937-1942), Holocaust victim <France/Auschwitz>
30. Gerhard Gabel (M / Germany, 1937-1944), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Auschwitz>
31. Joachim Hirsch (M / Germany, 1937-1944), Holocaust victim <Netherlands/Auschwitz>

External links