Category:OT Apocrypha Studies

BACK to the MAIN PAGE

OT Apocrypha Studies (Home Page)

OT Apocrypha Studies / Studies in the OT Apocrypha is a field of research in Second Temple Judaism, that specializes in the study of the OT Apocrypha.

Topics : OT Apocrypha Intro -- OT Apocrypha Editions -- OT Apocrypha Translations -- OT Apocrypha Bibliographies

Texts : Book of Tobit -- Book of Judith -- Esther Additions -- Wisdom of Solomon -- Book of Sirach -- 1 Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah -- Daniel Additions (Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Children -- Susanna -- Bel and the Dragon) -- 1 Maccabees -- 2 Maccabees -- 3 Ezra (1 Esdras) -- Prayer of Manasseh -- Psalm 151 -- 3 Maccabees -- 4 Ezra (2 Esdras)

People : Baruch -- Esther -- Ezra -- Judith -- Solomon -- Susanna -- Tobit

Timeline : 2020s -- 2010s -- 2000s -- 1990s -- 1980s -- 1970s -- 1960s -- 1950s -- 1940s -- 1930s -- 1920s -- 1910s -- 1900s -- 1850s -- 1800s -- 1700s -- 1600s -- 1500s -- Home

Languages : English -- French -- German -- Italian -- Latin -- Spanish

Scholarship : Richard Taverner -- Sixtus of Siena -- Johann Gottfried Eichhorn -- Robert Henry Charles -- Edgar J. Goodspeed -- Bruce M. Metzger -- David Arthur DeSilva -- Géza G. Xeravits

Research Tools : International Society for the Study of Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature

Related Fields : Bible Studies --Hebrew Bible Studies -- OT Pseudepigrapha Studies -- Second Temple Studies -- Septuagint Studies

History of research

The corpus of the OT Apocrypha or Deuterocanici owes its existence to the polemics of the Reformation era and was sanctioned by the Council of Trent in 1546.

The Protestant reformers acknowledged only the books also found in the Rabbinic Canon or Hebrew Bible as inspired scripture in the Old Testament. The Council of Trent reacted by affirming the larger canon of the traditional Roman Catholic Church, based on the Latin Vulgate: “If any one receive not, as sacred and canonical, the said books entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church and as they are contained in the old Latin Vulgate . . . let him be anathema.”

The development of the corpus

This different approach resulted in a different treatment of the material within the Protestant and the Catholic tradition.

The first Protestant collection of OT Apocrypha by Taverner in 1549 published as a separated corpus texts originally printed as part of the Old Testament (from the 1939 Taverner's Bible, where they were still calle "Hagiographa") and included the apocalyptic 4 Ezra

On the other hand, the major Roman Catholic commentary of the 16th century, the Biblioteca Magna by Sixtus of Siena in 1566 included these texts (with the exception of 4 Ezra) in the Old Testament, only by giving them the label of deuterocanonici in recognition of the fact that their canonicity had been disputed.

While the Protestant tradition downplayed the religious authority of the OT Apocrypha, the Catholic tradition saw in them the canonical foundation of some distinctive Catholic doctrines such as the legitimacy of Church's property (see Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple) or the practice of intercession for the dead (see Judas' Prayer for the Dead).

This distinction in the treatment of the material within the Protestant and Catholic traditions has shaped the foundations of modern research; see OT Apocrypha Studies.

One of the first major consequences of the birth of the corpus of the OT Apocrypha / Deuterocanonici was the gradual emergence (since the beginning of the 18th century) of the companion corpus of the OT Pseudepigrapha (which Catholics called OT Apocrypha) to collect all the many other ancient books that before the 16th century had shared with the OT Apocryphal texts the same destiny of being at the fringes of the ancient Jewish and Christian canons.

The publication in 1795 of Eichhorn's Einleitung mark the beginning of modern research in the OT Apocrypha. Ever since introductions to and edition of OT Apocrypha have been frequently published as parts of the Old Testament in the Catholic world and in the Protestant world, sometimes as autonomous works, sometimes as an appendix to the Old Testament, sometimes in association with the OT Pseudepigrapha and more recently as part of Second Temple Literature; see OT Apocrypha Intro.

The Old Testament Apocrypha have been published (in the original language or in translation) in many editions of both the Bible and the Old Testament or as a separate corpus or sometimes, together with the OT Pseudepigrapha.

Likewise, general Introductions to the OT Apocrypha are found in many commentaries or introductions to either the Bible or the Old Testament.

The Prehistory of the corpus (4th-16th centuries)

Both Catholics and Protestants could claim the authority of Jerome who in 390-405 had translated into Latin all the OT books listed by the the Councils of Hippo (339 CE) and Carthage (397 CE). Following the principle of Hebraica veritas, however, Jerome had expressed his personal uneasiness in considering canonical those texts which he labeled "apocryphal" since they were not included in the Rabbinic Canon or Hebrew Bible. As he wrote in the Preface to the Books of Samuel and Kings, "This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a 'helmeted' introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin, so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings. Wisdom, therefore, which generally bears the name of Solomon, and the book of Jesus, the Son of Sirach, and Judith, and Tobias, and the Shepherd are not in the canon. The first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style."

The Protestant interpreted strictly the principle of Hebraica veritas enunciated by Jerome. The Tridentine Fathers instead relied on a long if not entirely consistent tradition of interpreters, including Augustine, who considered "canonical" all books in the Vulgate including Jerome's "apocryphal" books--a tradition supported at the end of the 5th century by the Gelasian Decree and reiterated at the Council of Florence in 1442. The Tridentine canon was thus identical to the list issued by the Council of Hippo (339 CE), except that the Council Fathers appear to have misunderstood the meaning of 1 and 2 Esdras, which they identified as the proto-canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah with the exclusion of 2 Esdras (=4 Ezra).

The Canonical Status of "OT Apocryphal" Texts before the 4th century

Before the 16th century and even more so before Jerome's Vulgate, the OT Apocrypha or Deutocanonici did not exist as a distinctive corpus, but were part of the "gray area" made of a larger amount of books that were more or less authoritative, or authoritative for some Christians but not for others, and already in the Second Temple period were disputed among different Jewish groups. As no identifiable groups of OT Apocrypha existed before Jerome's embryonal collection of "apocryphal texts", any discussion about the presence of the OT Apocrypha corpus in earliest Christian and Second Temple Jewish "canons" should be avoided as anachronistic and the analysis should be strictly limited to the "canonical status" of each of the individual texts eventually accepted in the OT Apocrypha.

The Texts now labeled as OT Apocrypha in their original setting

The books now in the OT Apocrypha have very little in common, except the fact that they all come from the Second Temple Period. They do not share the same theology, worldview or literary genre, and originated in different times and places. They are the product of different varieties of Second Temple Judaism. Ultimately, it was only chance which made them part of this special corpus and not "canonical" or pseudepigraphical."

References