Difference between revisions of "Category:African-American"

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The category: African-American, highlights the ethnic and cultural identity of American people of African descent.

• See also: United States

Most Famous African-Americans

Born in the 18th century

Crispus Attucks (1723–1770)

Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806) -- Prince Hall (1735–1807)

• Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784), poet -- Born in West Africa and sold into slavery, she learned to read and write by the age of 9 and became the first African American woman to publish a book of poetry. In addition to having to prove she had indeed written the poetry, no one in America would publish her work. She was forced to go to England where the pieces were published in London in 1773. Years later, she sent one of her poems to George Washington who requested and received a meeting with her at his headquarters in Cambridge in 1776.

• Richard Allen (1760–1831), minister -- A minister, educator and writer, this Philadelphia native founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent Black denomination in the United States. He opened the first AME church in Philly in 1794. Born into slavery, he bought his freedom in the 1780s and joined St. George's Church. Because of seating restrictions placed on Blacks to be confined to the gallery, he left to form his own church. In 1787 he turned an old Blacksmith shop into the first church for Blacks in the United States.

• James Forten (1766–1842) -- Forten was an African-American abolitionist and wealthy businessman in Philadelphia. Born free in the city, he became a sailmaker after the American Revolutionary War. Following an apprenticeship, he became the foreman and bought the sail loft when his boss retired. Based on equipment he developed, he established a highly profitable business on the busy waterfront of the Delaware River, in what's now Penn's Landing. Having become well-established, in his 40s Forten devoted both time and money to working for the national abolition of slavery and gaining civil rights for Blacks. By the 1830s, his was one of the most powerful African-American voices in the city.

David Walker (1796–1830) --

• Sojourner Truth (1797–1883) -- Truth was born into slavery but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. She then sued and won the return of her 5-year-old son who was illegally sold into slavery. In 1851, Truth began a lecture tour that included a women's rights conference where she delivered her famous "Ain't I a Woman?" speech, challenging prevailing notions of racial and gender inferiority and inequality. She collected thousands of signatures petitioning to provide former slaves with land. Religion was a focal point of Truth’s efforts. She played a major part in recruiting African American soldiers to fight for the Union (northern states) against the Confederacy (southern states) in the Civil War.

John Russwurm (1799–1851)

Born in the 19th century

Nat Turner (1800–1831) Ira Aldridge (1807–1867) Benjamin "Pop" Singleton (1809–1900)

Martin R. Delany (1812–1885) Henry Highland Garnet (1815–1882)

• Frederick Douglass (1817–1895) -- In Frederick Douglass’ autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, he outlines his life and subsequent escape from slavery, which proved instrumental to the abolitionist movement and the ultimate goal of ending slavery. Douglass lived during the Civil War in the middle of the 19th century.

Alexander Crummell (1819–1898)

• Harriet Tubman (1822–1913) -- Born into slavery in 1822, Harriet Tubman was famous for her efforts to help escaped slaves after escaping herself in 1849. She served an important part of the “Underground Railroad,” a secret path through slave-holding states for runaway slaves to escape to the north. Tubman was also referred to as “Moses.”

Hiram Revels (1827–1901)

Henry McNeal Turner (1834–1915)

• Octavius V. Catto (1839-1871), Civil Rights Activist -- Known as one of the most influential civil rights' activists in Philadelphia during the 19th century, Catto fought for the abolition of slavery and the implementation of civil rights for all. He was prominent in the actions that successfully desegregated Philadelphia's public trolleys and played a major role in the ratification of the 15th amendment, baring voter discrimination on the basis of race. Catto was only 32 when he was shot and killed outside of his home on South Street in1871, the first Election Day that African Americans were allowed to vote. In 2017, a monument to Catto was unveiled at Philadelphia's City Hall.

Blanche K. Bruce (1841–1898) Edmonia Lewis (1844–1907) Elijah McCoy (1844–1929)

Booker T. Washington (1856–1915) Daniel Hale Williams (1856–1931)

Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862–1931) George Washington Carver (1864–1943) Matthew Henson (1866–1955) Matthew Henson (1866–1955) Madame C. J. Walker (1867–1919)

• W.E.B. Du Bois (1868–1963) -- W.E.B. Du Bois made his name as an author, academic, and activist in the generation before Rosa Parks and MLK. Du Bois is one of the founders of the NAACP, which remains one of the premier organizations for African American rights and activism.

James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938) Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906) William Monroe Trotter (1872–1934) Arturo Schomburg (1874–1938) Mary McLeod Bethune (1875–1955) Carter G. Woodson (1875–1950) Garrett Morgan (1877–1963) Jack Johnson (1878–1946)

Ernest Just (1883–1941) Oscar Micheaux (1884–1951) Alain Locke (1885–1954) Marcus Garvey (1887–1940) A. Philip Randolph (1889–1979)

Claude McKay (1890–1948)

• Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960), author -- Hurston became an American author, anthropologist, and filmmaker but as a child she was unable to attend school after her father stopped paying her school fees. In 1917 she opted to attend a public school but had to lie about her age in order to qualify for a free education. She studied hoodoo, the American version of voodoo, and found her way to Hollywood by working as a story consultant. One of her most notable works, Their Eyes Were Watching God was turned into a film in 2005.

• Bessie Coleman (1892-1926), Civil Aviator -- Coleman was the first Black woman to fly an airplane. When American flying schools denied her entrance due to her race, she taught herself French and moved to France, earning her license from Caudron Brother's School in just seven months. She specialized in stunt flying and performing aerial tricks. Reading stories of World War I pilots sparked her interest in aviation.

Walter F. White (1893–1955) Benjamin E. Mays (1894–1984) Charles Hamilton Houston (1895–1950) Marian Anderson (1897–1993) Elijah Muhammad (1897–1975) Paul Robeson (1898–1978) Duke Ellington (1899–1974) Percy Julian (1899–1975)

Born in the 20th century

Louis Armstrong (1901-1971) -- Roy Wilkins (1901–1981) --

• Langston Hughes (1901–1967) -- Langston Hughes was a poet and a novelist during the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes’ first pook of poetry, The Weary Blues, and subsequent works, helped outline the economic situation of lower-class African Americans.

Arna Bontemps (1902–1973) -- Ralph Bunche (1903–1971) -- Countee Cullen (1903–1946) -- Charles Drew (1904–1950) -- Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993) -- Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (1908–1972) -- Richard Wright (1908–1960) -- Katherine Dunham (1909–2006)

Romare Bearden (1911–1988) -- Benjamin O. Davis Jr. (1912–2002) -- Dorothy Height (1912–2010) -- Jesse Owens (1913–1980)

• Rosa Parks (1913–2005) -- Best known for refusing to move to the back of a bus after being demanded she give up her seat to a white person, Rosa Parks was labeled as the “Mother of the Freedom Movement” following her bold disobedience subsequent arrest.

Kenneth B. Clark (1914–2005) -- Joe Louis (1914–1981) -- John Henrik Clarke (1915–1998) -- John Hope Franklin (1915–2009) -- Gwendolyn Brooks (1917–2000) -- Fannie Lou Hamer (1917–1977) -- John H. Johnson (1918–2005) -- Dorie Miller (1919–1943) -- Edward W. Brooke (1919–2015) --

• Jackie Robinson (1919–1972) -- Like Ali in the 60s, Jackie Robinson was one of the most influential sports figures of his day. Robinson became the first African American to play for a Major League Baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, which broke the league’s color barrier. Robinson’s career spanned a decade. His jersey number, 42, was “retired” by all MLB teams, meaning no player may ever use that number again, in 1997.

• James Baldwin (1924–1987) -- Baldwin was an American novelist, playwright and activist, most notably known for "Notes of a Native Son", "The Fire Next Time" and "The Devil Find's Work". One of his novels, If Beale Street Could Talk, was adapted into an Academy Award-winning dramatic film in 2018. "It is certain, in any case, that ignorance, allied with power, is the most ferocious enemy justice can have."

Shirley Chisholm (1924–2005) -- Malcolm X (1925–1965) -- John Coltrane (1926–1967) -- Sidney Poitier (1927-2022) --

• Maya Angelou (1928–2014) -- Angelou was an American poet, singer, memoirist, and civil rights activist with a colorful and troubling past highlighted in her most famous autobiography, "I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings", in which she tells a coming-of-age tale that shows how racism affected a young girl, transforming her into the proud author she would later become. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies and television shows spanning over 50 years. Her works have been considered a defense and celebration of Black culture.

• Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968) -- No single African American in history is perhaps as famous as Martin Luther King, Jr. A federal holiday on the third Monday each January celebrates his legacy. Entire sections of textbooks are devoted to his civil rights activism in the 1950s and 1960s. Dr. King made his mark by preaching nonviolent means of protesting segregation in the United States. MLK’s assassination at the hands of a white man in 1968 sparked riots and mourning across the world.

Lorraine Hansberry (1930–1965) -- Toni Morrison (1931–2019) -- Hank Aaron (1934–2021) -- Amiri Baraka (1934–2014) -- Bill Cosby (born 1937) -- Colin Powell (1937–2021)

• Claudette Colvin (1939), Civil Rights Pioneer -- Colvin was arrested at the age of 15 for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman, nine months before Rosa Parks' more famous protest. Because of her age, the NAACP chose not to use her case to challenge segregation laws. Despite a number of personal challenges, Colvin became one of the four plaintiffs in the Browder v. Gayle case. The decision in the 1956 case ruled that Montgomery's segregated bus system was unconstitutional.

Jesse Jackson (born 1941) -- Maulana Karenga (born 1941) -- Kwame Ture (1941–1998) --

• Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay, 1942–2016) -- Born Cassius Clay in 1942, Muhammad Ali made his name in the sport of boxing as one of the greatest heavyweight champions of all-time. He changed his name in the early 1960s from “Cassius Clay,” which he associated with slavery, and adopted a new one from the Islamic tradition that symbolized a new black separatist movement in the United States. Ali was an objector to the Vietnam War, which moved him into the realm of left-wing activism and intersected race with a larger counterculture movement.

Guion Bluford (born 1942) --

• Arthur Ashe (1943–1993) -- Ashe's resume includes three Grand Slam titles and the title of the first Black player selected to the United States Davis Cup team and the only Black man ever to win the singles title at Wimbledon, the US Open, and the Australian Open. In July 1979, Ashe suffered a heart attack while holding a tennis clinic in New York. His high profile drew attention to his condition, specifically to the hereditary aspect of heart disease. In 1992, Ashe was diagnosed with HIV; he and his doctors believed he contracted the virus from blood transfusions he received during his second heart surgery. After Ashe went public with his illness, he founded the Arthur Ashe Foundation for the Defeat of AIDS, working to raise awareness about the disease and advocated teaching safe sex education. On June 20, 1993, Ashe was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton.

August Wilson (1945–2005)

• Ruby Bridges (1954) -- At age 6, Bridges embarked on a historic walk to school as the first African American student to integrate the all-white William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana. She ate lunch alone and sometimes played with her teacher at recess, but she never missed a day of school that year. In 1999, she established The Ruby Bridges Foundation to promote tolerance and create change through education. In 2000, she was made an honorary deputy marshal in a ceremony in Washington, DC.

Oprah Winfrey (1954) -- Whoopi Goldberg (1955) Mae Jemison (1956) -- Michael Jackson (1958-2009)

Eddie Murphy (1961) -- Barack Obama (1961) -- Micheal Jordan (1963)

Tiger Woods (1975)

• Kobe Bryant (1978-2020) -- Drafted right out of Lower Merion High School at the age of 17, Bryant won five titles as one of the marquee players in the Los Angeles Lakers franchise. He was a member of the gold medal-winning U.S. men's basketball teams at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2012 London Olympic Games. In 2015 Bryant wrote the poem "Dear Basketball," which served as the basis for a short film of the same name he narrated. The work won an Academy Award for best animated short film. A vocal advocate for the homeless Bryant and his wife, Vanessa started the Kobe and Vanessa Bryant Family Foundation aimed to reduce the number of homeless in Los Angeles. Bryant, his daughter Gigi, and seven other passengers died in a helicopter crash in late January.

• Serena Williams (1981) -- Williams emerged straight outta the streets of Compton to become the world's No. 1 player. She has won 23 major singles titles, the most by any man or woman in the Open Era. The Women's Tennis Association ranked her world No. 1 in singles on eight separate occasions between 2002 and 2017. She has competed at three Olympics and won four gold medals.