Difference between revisions of "Category:Enochic Studies--1500s"

Johannes Reuchlin

St Stephen to the Abyssinians

Guillaume Postel

John Dee

Edward Kelley

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Enochic Studies in the 1500s--Works and Authors

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Overview

"Christian Cabalists" continued to be the frontrunners in the search for the "lost" book(s) of Enoch. Johannes Reuchlin was well acquainted with the cultural activities at the Hospitium fratrum Indianorum established in Rome in 1481. He was in correspondence with Johannes Potken who in 1513 co-edited with the Ethiopian friar Thomas Walda Samuel the first book ever printed in Ethiopic (Alphabetum seu potius syllabarium literarum Chaldaerarum, Rome, 1513). Yet no major progress was accomplished concerning the book of Enoch. In De arte cabalistica (1517) Reuchlin still implied that Pico had it as one of the "seventy secret books of Ezra," ignoring that Pico had instead only a Hebrew ms (and Latin translation) of Menahem Recanati's work, of which the editio princeps was published in 1523 and a commentary by Mordecai Jaffe appeared in 1595.

The interest in Enochic traditions was strengthened in the first half of the 16th century by the publication of Grosseteste’s Latin version of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, of which the first translations in English (anonymous) and German (Menrad Molther) also appeared.

The figure of Enoch remained popular in esoteric circles all around Europe. In 1530 the Venetian alchemist Giovanni Agostino Panteo published 26 charachters purporting to be the pre-Flood "Enochian" alphabet. The "rediscovery" of this alphabet was not the result of philological studies but of magical knowledge; after all, as Hermetic author Zosimos of Panopolis wrote in the 3rd-4th century, the art of alchemy was believed to be at the core of the ancient pre-deluge science. It was one of the secret knowledges taught by the fallen angels and inscribed after the Flood in the Book of Chemes, who was identified with Cam, the son of Noah and descendent of Enoch.

Expectations of the "return" of Enoch continued to be very strong in millenaristic circles. In 1524, Martin Luther himself had to intervene to disprove these beliefs in his commentary on the Letter to Jude. The most notable incident occurred in 1533-34; after Melchior Hofmann predicted that Christ would return to earth, the anabaptist Jan Matthys ruled the city of Munster, Germany as the "New Jerusalem," declaring that he was the prophet Enoch redivivus. Matthys died during the siege of the city, when on Easter Sunday made a sally forth with thirty followers, convinced that Judgment Day had come.

In the meantime, the relations between Europa and Ethiopia had become closer and Ethiopia gradually abandoned its traditional isolationism. When Portuguese diplomat and explorer Pêro da Covilhã arrived in Ethiopia in 1490, he was allowed to stay but not to leave the country. In 1520, however, a Portuguese embassy was welcomed for a visit and diplomatic relations were established between Ethiopia and Portugal. The embassy's chaplain Francisco Alvares composed the first description of the country, then published in Portuguese (Lisbon, 1540) and Italian. The Hospitium fratrum Indianorum in Rome also benefitted from the arrival of Ethiopian pilgrims and scholars. From 1537 to 1552, Tasfa Seyon, known as Peter the Indian, edited in Rome the first printed edition of the New Testament in Ge’ez, the Ethiopian liturgical language. Tasfa Seyon belonged to a new generation of Ethiopian scholars who were well acquainted with the new canonical status acquired by the book of Enoch as a result of the reforms of Emperor Zar'a Ya'qob in the 15th century. The earliest mss of 1 Enoch date from that period.

Not accidentally, this was the time in which news of the existence of the Book of Enoch and of its canonical status in Ethiopia eventually spread in Europe. The first report came in mid-16th century by French Christian Cabalist Guillaume Postel. In 1551 in De Etruriae regionis Guillaume declared that the Enoch's prophesies made before the Flood were preserved in the archives of the Queen of Sheba and that to this day they were believed to be canonical scripture in Ethiopia. In 1553 he wrote in his De originibus that in Rome (most likely, in 1547) he had met an Abyssinian priest (apparently, Tasfa Seyon himself) who illustrated him the content of 1 Enoch.

Postel's piece of information was included in 1559 by British playwright John Bale in his popular work on Scriptorum Illustrium maioris Brytanniae posterior pars (Basel 1559). According to Luis de Urreta, the Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library Guglielmo Sirleto also was made aware of the existence of the Book of Enoch in Ethiopia by two friers who visited the country (in 1579?) as members of a delegation sent by Pope Gregory XIII to the Ethiopian King. To the popularity of book of Enoch largely contributed also the publication of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs in a new English translation by Anthony Gilby (The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the Sonnes of Jacob, 1574); the work, often reprinted, remained a standard version of the text for almost three centuries. By the second half of the 16th century, the notion of the existence of an ancient book (or books) of Enoch was widespread and the connection between Enoch and Ethiopia was also firmly established, but no progress was made in the recovery of the actual text of the book of Enoch.

The idea that magic and alchemy could provide a shortcut continued to fascinate European intellectual circles. In his Introductio in divinam Chemiae artem (Basel 1572) Petrus Bonus repeated Roger Bacon's remarks that Henoch was the great Hermogenes. News from Postel and Bale about the existence of the Book of Enoch (and the frustration about the lack of progress in its recovery) inspired British alchemist John Dee to follow the same path as Panteo and Petrus Bonus. In May 1581 some promising yet inconclusive experiments with the crystal ball convinced Dee that he needed the services of a professional scryer to communicate with the spirits. In 1582-83 Dee formed a partnership with visionary Edward Kelley in the search for the lost wisdom of Enoch. The result was the "discovery" of a mysterious alphabet they claimed to have received from the archangel Michael, and portions of the Book of Enoch written in the "Enochian language" they believed Enoch himself used to communicate with the angels.

@2014, Gabriele Boccaccini, University of Michigan

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  Martin Luther

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  Melchior Hofmann

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  Jan Matthys

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  John Bale

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  Pope Gregory XIII