Early Islamic Studies Seminar (2013-), learned society

From 4 Enoch: : The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism, and Christian and Islamic Origins
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Guillaume Dye, Free University of Brussels (ULB)
Emilio Gonzalez Ferrin, University of Seville
Manfred Kropp, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
Carlos Segovia, Saint Louis University

The Early Islamic Studies Seminar: International Scholarship on the Qur’ān and Islamic Origins (EISS) is an academic group of international specialists associated to the Enoch Seminar: International Scholarship on Second Temple Judaism, Christian, Rabbinic, and Islamic Origins who work together, share the results of their research in the field and biennially meet to discuss topics of common interest within the Enoch Seminar Nangeroni Meetings.


Background and Purpose

The study of Islam’s origins from a rigorous historical and social science perspective is still wanting. Whereas the grand narratives of Islamic origins contained in the earliest Muslim writings have usually been taken to describe with some accuracy the hypothetical emergence of Islam in mid-7th-century Arabia, they are nowadays increasingly regarded as too late and ideologically biased – in short, as too eulogical – to provide a reliable picture of Islam's origins. Accordingly, new timeframes going from the late 7th to the mid-8th century and alternative Syro-Palestinian and Mesopotamian spatial locations are currently being explored. On the other hand, a renewed attention is also being paid to the once very plausible pre-canonical redactional and editorial stages of the Qur'an, a book whose core many contemporary scholars agree to be a kind of “palimpsest” originally formed by different, independent writings in which encrypted passages from the OT Pseudepigrapha, the NT Apocrypha and other ancient writings of Jewish, Christian and Manichaean provenance may be found, and whose original function, therefore, is far from being clear. Likewise the earliest Islamic community is presently regarded by many scholars as a somewhat undetermined monotheistic group that evolved from an original Jewish-Christian milieu into a distinct Muslim group perhaps much later than commonly assumed and in a rather unclear way, either initially dependent on the new Arab polity in the Fertile Crescent or more or less independent from it; or else as being originally a Christian movement. Finally the biography of Muhammad, the founding figure of Islam, has also been challenged in recent times due to the paucity and, once more, the late date and literary nature of the earliest biographical accounts at our disposal. In sum three major trends of thought define today the field of early Islamic studies: (a) the traditional Islamic view, which many non-Muslim scholars still uphold as well; (b) a number of revisionist views which have contributed to reshape afresh the contents, boundaries and themes of the field itself by reframing the methodological and hermeneutical categories required in the academic study of Islamic origins; and (c) several still conservative but at the same time more cautious views that stand half way between the traditional point of view and the revisionist views. The Early Islamic Studies Seminar aims at exploring afresh different the dawn and early history of Islam with the tools of Biblical criticism and the new social science methods (critical discourse analysis, narrative theory, semiotics of religion, deconstructionist historiography, etc.) set forth in the study of Second Temple Judaism, Christian and Rabbinic origins, and thereby contribute to the renewed, interdisciplinary study of formative Islam as part and parcel in the complex process of religious identity formation in late antiquity.

To achieve its goals the EISS will develop several simultaneous activities such as different research projects, online workshops, close-door meetings, international conferences and publications. All online workshops will be hosted at the EISS website, and a series of close-door meetings will help each to achieve its specific goals. Biennial international conferences to discuss topics of common interest will be held within the Enoch Seminar: International Scholarship on Second Temple Judaism, Christian, Rabbinic, and Islamic Origins ‘Nangeroni Meetings’ www.enochseminar.org. In addition the EISS will be responsible for the contents of the Early islamic Studies section on 4 Enoch: The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism (Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Origins).

To learn more about our current activities and projects please contact the Board of Directors.

Board of Directors

Participants

EISS International Conferences – Nangeroni Meetings

EARLY ISLAM: THE SECTARIAN MILIEU OF LATE ANTIQUITY? (2015)

Chair: Guillaume Dye (Free University of Brussels [ULB], Belgium, EU)

Co-Chair: Gabriele Boccaccini (University of Michigan, USA / Enoch Seminar)

Upcoming Projects (2016-)

Online Workshops

EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF QUR'ĀNIC ORIGINS

Chair: Manfred Kropp (Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany, EU)

  • Texts stemming from epigraphic material – inscriptions, graffiti, but also texts written on objects and documents on papyrus and other writing materials, and in a wide perspective, legends on coins, medals and seals – differ from literary texts by several peculiarities. They are – at least as a general rule – unique pieces, directly transmitted and product of juridical or other social procedures, thus not part of intentional historical tradition; in short they are primary sources. On the other hand, it is true, texts of this kind are normally short and stereotyped, addressed only to persons involved in the actual act, and presume precise knowledge of the respective procedure to be understood. Thus the late born historian is in need for additional data, coming from archaeological evidence or extensive tradition (literature, historiography, etc.).Material of this kind is available in the Arabian peninsula dating from pre-Islamic and early-Islamic times and thus of importance for the study of Qurʾānic origins and early Islam. Here a first short list:– Texts in Epigraphic South Arabian languages, coming mostly from Yemen, but scattered as well all over the Arabian peninsula and adjacent regions. These are stone inscriptions and texts written on other material (palm sticks) as well as coin legends. Besides the typical documents there are very few literary texts.– Texts in non-Semitic languages (Greek and Latin)– Texts in Semitic, but not Arabian languages and script: Nabataean, Jewish and Christian Aramaic, of lesser interest because chronologically and geographically more distant Palmyrene and Hatraen. Al-Ḥīra as an important pre-Islamic (Arab) centre has not yielded till now relevant material.– Texts in Early North Arabian languages / dialects and in several varieties of early North Arabian alphabets: Safaitic, Thamudic, Lihyanite, Hasaitic.– Texts in "Arabic" (North Arabian in the narrow sense) in several scriptures (Nabataean, South Arabian).– Texts in "Arabic" and Arabic script, inscriptions, papyri, coin legends. In this category the collection of few pre-Islamic inscriptions recently has been enriched by new finds in the Arabian peninsula of late pre-Islamic and early Islamic documents illuminating the development of the Arabic script. To be mentioned is an early-Islamic specimen of Arabic poetry.Within the aforesaid limitations of this kind of source material the collection and consecutive methodical study of these documents may shed further light on important questions concerning the historical context out of which Islam and its fundamental document originated: (a) From where and how did the Arabic script develop? (b) What is the language intended by the first Qur’ānic and purely consonantal texts? (c) Which common ideas and concepts were circulating and were part of the political, social, religious and cultural atmosphere?
THE QUR'ĀN IN LIGHT OF TRADITIO-HISTORICAL CRITICISM

Chair: Guillaume Dye (Free University of Brussels [ULB], Belgium, EU)

  • As John Wansbrough noticed a few decades ago: "As a document susceptible of analysis by the instruments and techniques of Biblical criticism [the case for the Qur’ān as Scripture] is virtually unknown." This is related to the excessive reliance of many scholars to a kind of secular version of the Muslim narrative on the genesis of the Qur’ān, which considers it as an accurate record of Muhammad’s words, faithfully transmitted by tradition. However, such a conservative approach relies more on assumption than on proof, and recent works have shown that the Qur’ān was not ready at the time of Muhammad’s death, and that the editorial work in the following decades did not merely consist in the rearrangement of existing pericopes, but also in the reinterpretation and rewriting of prophetic logia and liturgical texts, and even in the writing of new pericopes. In other words, the Qur’ān is both a composite and composed text (with at least three levels of composition: individual pericopes, suras, codex – and the people responsible of the last two levels shouldn’t be seen only as compilers, but also as authors). It seems therefore necessary to give up the traditional chronology of Meccan and Medinan suras and consider the Qur’ān inside a larger diachrony – let’s say up to the time of ‘Abd al-Malik (it remains difficult to date precisely the eldest material witnesses to the text, and all what can be said at present is that the rasm of the Qur’ān probably took a shape close to the one we now know sometime during the second half of the 7th Century and the beginning of the 8th Century). Hence source criticism, Formgeschichte and Redaktionskritik – and also synchronic methods – can certainly shed light on the history of the Qur’ān and the first “Islamic” communities. Moreover, the concepts of traditio-historical criticism pertain the interpretation of individual qur’ānic passages: for instance, how many arbitrary interpretations could have been avoided, if scholars had kept in mind the (obvious, but unheard of in mainstream Qur’ānic studies) distinction between Sitz im Buch and Sitz im Leben? This group discussion will interact with the other subprojects of the EISS, and will especially rely on the tools and results of the computational project of a Compressed Qur’ān. Among various tasks, it will study the scribal devices and techniques used in the Qur’ān, try to sketch a profile of the scribes implied in its composition, and, if possible, set up a more realistic chronology, less dependent on the “evidence” of the Muslim tradition.
JESUS IN THE QUR'ĀN

Chair: Carlos A. Segovia (Saint Louis University, Spain, EU / Enoch Seminar)

  • The Qur’ān is often interpreted as displaying a twofold contradictory attitude towards Christianity that oscillates between its approval and its dismissal. Jesus’ presentation reflects this complex attitude: on the one hand, he is described as the “son of Mary” against the Christian belief on his divine status; on the other hand, he is acknowledged to be the Messiah. However, a close examination of the Quranic passages mentioning Jesus shows that things are far more complex than this binary approach suggests. Firstly, it is by no means evident that all pre-Islamic Arab Christians accepted Jesus’ divine sonship; therefore, downplaying the latter need not be regarded as being specifically anti-Christian. Secondly, both Jesus’ name in the Qur’ān and his aforementioned description as the “son of Mary” have clear parallels in Dyophysite/Nestorian, and hence Eastern-Syriac, Christianity; thus they could have likewise been acceptable for at least some Christians of late antiquity. Thirdly, Jesus’ two additional Quranic titles as “God’s word” and “God’s spirit,” as well as the Quranic narratives about his miraculous birth and miracles and his implicit depiction as the second or true Adam, amount to the view that he was conferred a very especial role within the early proto-Muslim faith. Lastly, the frequent anti-Jewish overtones of the Quranic narratives about Jesus contribute in their own way to strengthen this point. For these reasons, it is worth reconsidering in some depth what we think we know about the Quranic Jesus and examining afresh early Muslim-Christian relations. The fact, moreover, that a text mentioning Jesus was intentionally placed at the very centre of the two inscriptions contained within the walls of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem – and the similarly intriguing fact that Muhammad and Jesus therein seem to share the very same attributes – suggests that there is more in such relations that meets the eye. Reflecting on these issues is essential for a correct understanding of emergent Islam in its late-antique context.
EARLY ISLAMIC SOURCES AND CHRONICLES IN LIGHT OF A 'THEOLOGY OF SALVATION'

Chair: Emilio Gonzalez Ferrin (University of Seville, Spain, EU)

  • Islam is unanimously considered as a "counter-historical" phenomenon that adjourned the natural discourse of History, closing the Late Antique period and laying the foundations of the dichotomic Middle Ages. Such view is powered by a self-assumed otherness of Islam built from within by the interaction and mutual—fragile—support of several sources: the Qur'ān itself, but also the Sīra—biography of the Prophet—, Ḥadīṯ collections and related early materials are envisaged as the ultimate bulwark of a complicated mixture of sacredness, legitimacy and historicity. On behalf of these sources subsequent chronicles were compiled in Arabic language which in turn served as a kind of narrative support—as an origin myth by means of retroactive discourse. And as time went on, subsequent chronicles served to date previous materials. However, a fair dating of these sources based on the materials themselves and not just on their contents as these later came to be considered, as well as other possible historical witnesses to the time thus narrated—to be sought in the epigraphy, numismatics, architectural constructions and even burial areas of the period—show a slightly different historical rhythm. Moreover, those subsequent Arab chronicles can be contrasted to previous chronicles, written mostly in Syriac, Greek and Latin amongst other languages. Considering these pre-Islamic chronicles—that abound in apocalyptic tales—in contrast to those Arab triumphant chronicles, one may describe the gradual change of the whole area—Middle East and South Mediterranean—as following a rate of chronistic systole and diastole out of which the origins of the Middle Ages pump: a first phase of doom followed by a certain history of salvation. Thereby, an inter-textual de-construction of the aforementioned materials would explain and justify the use of an apparent oxymoron behind the expression "Islamic Late Antiquity," thus disregarding the distribution of historical "watertight compartments" and considering the spreading of Islam in gradual continuity. Perhaps more the effect than the cause of a convulsive time.

Additional Workshops

NEW TRENDS IN EARLY ISLAMIC STUDIES 1: INTRODUCING THE EISS (University of Seville, Spain. March 28, 2014)

Chair: Emilio González Ferrín (University of Seville, Spain, EU).

  • How and why has our perception of early Islam changed in the past decades? Does it make sense to speak of a paradigm shift – and if so, which are its implications in terms of theory and method? Lastly, how does the EISS fit into that picture – and what concrete projects will it undertake between March 2014 and March 2016?
NEW TRENDS IN EARLY ISLAMIC STUDIES 2 (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 2016)

Encyclopaedia Entries

General Editor: Carlos A. Segovia (Saint Louis University, Spain, EU / Enoch Seminar)

Collaborative Institutions

  • Enoch Seminar: International Scholarship on Second Temple Judaism, Christian, Rabbinic, and Islamic Origins
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