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*Page created and edited by [[Gabriele Boccaccini]], University of Michigan
*DICTIONARY: see [[Tigranes the Great]]
*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Tigranes the Great (sources)]]




'''Tigranes the Great''' (''Tigranes II''; d.55 BCE) was an Armenian King, who briefly subdued and threatened to invade Israel at the time of the Hasmonean Queen [[Salome Alexandra]].
This category includes (in chronological order) scholarly and fictional works dealing with the character of the Armenian King [[Tigranes the Great]].  


==Biography==
==Selected Bibliography (articles)==
Under Tigranes' leadership, Armenia became for a short time the strongest empire in the Middle East and a menace to Roman power in the region.


At its height, the  Armenian Empire included the regions of Media, Assyria, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine. Tigranes took the title "King of Kings" for himself and ruled as a new Nebuchadnezzar, surrounded by the deposed kings who had to serve him. 
*The Book of Judith, Queen Sholomzion and King Tigranes of Armenia: A Sadducee Appraisal / [[Samuel Rocca]] / [[Materia Giudaica]] 10.1 (2005): 1-14
 
The beginnings of Tigranes' rule, however, were very hard. In his youth he lived hostage at the court of the Parthian King Mithridates the Great. Only around 95 BCE he bought back his freedom by handing over “seventy valleys” to the Parthians. He rapidly built up an alliance with another ambitious and powerful neighbor, the King Mithridates of Pontus and married his daughter Cleopatra.
 
In 88 BCE, at the death of King Mithridates II of Parthia, Tigranes took advantage of the weakness of the Parthian empire to expand his influence in the East. He went so far as to attack the Parthian capital Ecbatana and looted it around.
 
After concluding successfully his military campaign in the East, Tigranes, who now could legitimately bear the Parthian title of “King of Kings,” around 83 BCE moved westwards, conquering the Seleucid empire, Syria and Cilicia. He moved the capital of his empire from Artashat in Armenia to the newly founded city of Tigranocerta, that he populated by deporting inhabitants from the conquered lands.
 
He then pushed south conquering Phoenicia. In 69 BCE he reached and besieged the seacoast city of Ptolomais (Acca), the last Seluecid  stronghold at the border with the Hasmonean kingdom. The other populations of the region, including the Hasmonean kingdom, quickly submitted to the invader. But when the victory over Ptolomais opened the path to the conquest of Judea and Egypt, the Romans intervened. Tigranes entered in conflict with the Romans. It happened that Mithridates of Pontus, his father-in-law and alley, had been defeated by the Romans and had sought asylum in Armenia. Tigranes refused to deliver him. Rome declared war and Tigranes was forced to withdraw  his garrisons from Syria as the general Lucullus attacked the capital Tigranocerta.
 
The campaigns of the Roman general [[Lucullus]] largely reduced Tigranes' power in the region. The empire Tigranes had created collapsed, the new capital had to be abandoned. Tigranes took refuge to the mountains of Armenia, yet still undefeated, in spite of the attempts by Lucullus to chase him. Tigranes ultimately surrendered to [[Pompey]] in 66 BCE, receiving in exchange permission to rule Armenia as an ally of Rome, until his death in 55/54 BCE.
 
====Tigranes and the Jews====
When in 69 BCE Tigranes' army moved south to Phoenicia, the Hasmonean Queen [[Salome Alexandra]] submitted and paid tribute, receiving only vague promises in return. After the taking of Ptolemais, Israel was next in line, facing imminent invasion, defenseless against Tigranes' army. Only the intervention of the Roman general Lucullus in Syria saved the Hasmonean State from total capitulation and forced Tigranes to withdraw.
 
==Tigranes in ancient sources==
 
====Josephus, Jewish War====
Bel I 116 -- ''[[Salome Alexandra]] also prevailed with Tigranes, king of Armenia, who lay with his troops about Ptolemais, and besieged Cleopatra, by agreements and presents, to go away. Accordingly, Tigranes soon arose from the siege, by reason of those domestic tumults which happened upon [[Lucullus]]'s expedition into Armenia.''
 
====Josephus, Jewish Antiquities====
 
Ant XIII 419-421 -- ''About this time news was brought that Tigranes, the king of Armenia, had made an irruption into Syria with five hundred thousand soldiers, and was coming against Judea. This news, as may well be supposed, terrified the queen (=[[Salome Alexandra]]) and the nation. Accordingly, they sent him many and very valuable presents, as also ambassadors, and that as he was besieging Ptolemais; for Selene the queen, the same that was also called Cleopatra, ruled then over Syria, who had persuaded the inhabitants to exclude Tigranes. So the Jewish ambassadors interceded with him, and entreated him that he would determine nothing that was severe about their queen or nation. He commended them for the respects they paid him at so great a distance, and gave them good hopes of his favor. But as soon as Ptolemais was taken, news came to Tigranes, that [[Lucullus]], in his pursuit of Mithridates, could not light upon him, who was fled into Iberia, but was laying waste Armenia, and besieging its cities. Now when Tigranes knew this, he returned home.''
 
Ant XIV 29 -- ''Pompey sent Scaurus into Syria, while he was himself in Armenia, and making war with Tigranes...''
 
====Plutarch, Life of Lucullus====
 
Vita Luculli xiv 5-6 -- ''[5] ...Over Armenia there sits enthroned Tigranes, King of Kings, with forces which enable him to cut the Parthians off from Asia, transplant Greek cities into Media, sway Syria and Palestine, put to death the successors of Seleucus, and carry off their wives and daughters into captivity. [6] This king is a kingsman of Mithridates, his son-in-law...''
 
Vita Luculli xxi 3-5 -- ''[3] Now the sway of the Armenians was intolerably grievous to the Greeks. Above all else, the spirit of the king [i.e. Tigranes] himself had become pompous and haughty in the midst of his great prosperity. All the things which men most covet and admire, he not only had in his possession, but actually thought that they existed for his sake. [4] For though he had started on his career with small and insignificant expectations, he had subdued many nations, humbled the Parthian power as no man before him had done, and filled Mesopotamia with Greeks whom he removed in great numbers from Cilicia and from Cappadocia, and settled anew. He also removed from their wonted haunts the nomadic Arabians, and brought them to an adjacent settlement, that he might employ them in trade and commerce. [5] Many were the kings who waited upon him, and four, whom he always had about him like attendants or body-guards, would run on foot by their master's side when he rode out, clad in short blouses, and when he sat transacting business, would stand by with their arms crossed. This attitude was thought to be the plainest confession of servitude, as if they had sold their freedom and offered their persons to their master disposed for suffering rather than for service.''
 
====Cicero====
 
''He made the Republic of Rome tremble before the prowess of his arms''
 
====Strabo, Geography====
 
Geography XI.xiv.16 -- ''Tigranes was a descendant of Artaxias, and had Armenia, properly so called. This country was contiguous to Media, to the Albani, and to the Iberes, and extended as far as Colchis, and Cappadocia upon the Euxine.''
 
''Artanes the Sophenian was the descendant of Zariadris, and had the southern parts of Armenia, which verge rather to the west. He was defeated by Tigranes, who became master of the whole country. He had experienced many vicissitudes of fortune. At first he had served as a [274] hostage among the Parthians; then by their means he returned to his country, in compensation for which service they obtained seventy valleys in Armenia. When he acquired power, he recovered these valleys, and devastated the country of the Parthians, the territory about Nihus, and that about Arbela. He subjected to his authority the Atropatenians, and the Gordyaeans; by force of arms he obtained possession also of the rest of Mesopotamia, and, after crossing the Euphrates, of Syria and Phoenicia. Having attained this height of prosperity, he even founded near Iberia, between this country and the Zeugma on the Euphrates, a city, which he named Tigranocerta, and collected inhabitants out of twelve Grecian cities, which he had depopulated. But Lucullus, who had commanded in the war against Mithridates, surprised him, thus engaged, and dismissed the inhabitants to their respective homes. The buildings which were half finished he demolished, and left a small village remaining. He drove Tigranes both out of Syria and Phoenicia.''
 
====Isidore of Charax [Isidorus Characenus], Parthian Stations ====
 
Mansiones Parthicae 6 -- ''From that place, Upper Media, 38 schoeni; and at 3 schoeni from the very beginning of it is the city of Concobar; there is a temple of Artemis, 3 schoeni. Then Bazigraban, which is a custom house, 3 schoeni. Thence to Adrapana, the royal residence of those who ruled in Ecbatana, and which Tigranes the Armenian destroyed, 4 schoeni. Then Ecbatana, the metropolis of Media and the treasury, and a temple, sacred to Anaitis; they sacrifice there always; 12 schoeni. And beyond that place are 3 villages in which there are stations.''
 
====Appianus, History of Rome====
 
History of Rome 105 -- ''Pompey pardoned him for the past... He required that Tigranes should at once give up the territory that he had gained by war. Accordingly he gave up the whole of Syria from the Euphrates to the sea; for he held that and a part of Cilicia, which he had taken from [the Seleucid king] Antiochus[X Eusebes], surnamed Pius.''
 
====Moses of Khoren (5th century writer, the father of Armenian history)====
''[Tigranes] built temples, and in front of the temples he set up altars, ordering all the princes to offer sacrifices and worship. To this the men of the Barartuni family [a Jewish family according to Armenian sources] did not agree, and he cut off the tongue of one of them, called Asud, for dishonoring the images, but he did not torment [them] in any other way, for they agreed on eat [meat] from the king’s sacrifices and also pork, although they themselves did not sacrifice or worship. Therefore he deprived them of the command of the army, but he did not take away the office of aspect with the right of crowning. …
Immediately thereafter [Tigranes] attacked Palestine to seek vengeance from Cleopatra [daughter] of Ptolemy for the crimes her son Dionysius against his own father. He took many captives from among the Jews and besieged the city of Ptolemais. But the queen of the Jews, Alexandra—also known as Messalina—who was the wife of [[Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander (Jannaeus)]], son of [[John Hyrcanus|John (Hyrcanus)]], son of Simon the brother of Judas Maccabaeus, and who at that time held the throne of the Jews, by giving him many presents turned him back. For he heard a report that a certain brigand called Vaykun [=[[Lucullus]]] was causing a tumult in Armenia, holding the inaccessible mountain that up to now is called Vaykunik after the name of the brigand.''


==Tigranes in Scholarship==
Tigranes the Great is quite a neglected figure in Biblical and Judaic Studies. Only Armenian scholarship has preserved vivid memory of his military campaigns, in which Judea also was subdued. As an example of the way in which the relationship between Tigranes and Queen Alexandra is retold in modern Armenian culture, we may read the passage in Armen’s biography (1940):


“As the king’s forces poured into southern Phoenicia, Jews were alarmed at the proximity of such vast hosts to Judea. Queen Alexandra of Jerusalem, and the Jewish leaders already visioned Armenian cuirassiers riding into the sacred city, and once more the recollection of Babylonian captivity intensified their present panic. The undimmed prestige of Tigranes as a conqueror, who moved peoples, among them Jews from Syria, to populate his native territories, made him appear as a new Nebuchadnezzar, while the prospect of singing the songs of Zion on the banks of Euphrates and Tigris to satisfy the disdainful curiosity of their enslavers terrified them. For “how shall we sing the Lord’s songs in a strange land!” Trembling Jewish ambassadors met Tigranes in Phoenicia, they “ interceded with him, and entreated him he would determine nothing that was severe about their queen and nation.” Tigranes alleviated their fears and assured then of his peaceful intentions toward Judea” (p.150).
[[Category:Categories]]
 
[[Samuel Rocca]] and [[Gabriele Boccaccini]] have recently argued that Tigranes might be the "Nebuchadnezzar" of the Book of Judith, whose invasion threatened the independence of the Hasmonean State and was opposed only by the courage of a devout and strong widow ([[Judith]] = [[Salome Alexandra]]).
 
==Tigranes in Fiction==
Tigranes might be the "Nebuchadnezzar" of the Book of Judith, whose invasion threatened the independence of the Judean State and was opposed only by the courage of a devout and strong widow ([[Judith]] = [[Salome Alexandra]]).
 
In Armenia Tigranes has never ceased to be celebrated in the arts as a hero of national pride and independence. With the renewed independence of the Armenian Republic in 1991, the figue of Tigranes has gained, if possible, even more relevance in Armenian culture and public life.
In 1991 the play “Agony of Tigranes the Great” (1991) staged at Yerevan by actor Vartan Garniki, based on a patriotic poem of Hovhannes Shiraz (1915-1984) was celebrated as one of a landmarks in the awakening of Armenian national pride. To Tigranes the Great the new State has dedicated a monumental statue at Yerevan, a golden coin (1999), and a stamp (2007).
 
In the West, Tigranes knew a brief period of revival and popularity only at the turn of the eighteenth century. He was the protagonist of ''Il Tigrane, re d’Armenia'' / ''Tigranes, King of Armenia'', a libretto written by Francesco Silvani in 1691 and revised by Carlo Goldoni in 1741. Between 1691 and 1766, the libretto was set to music by more than 20 composers, including [[Tomaso Albinoni]], [[Antonio Vivaldi]], [[Adolph Hasse]], [[Christoph Gluck]], [[Niccolò Piccinni]], and others. The fictional story, however, focused on the love relationship between the Armenian king and his wife Cleopatra, the daughter of Mithridates, and did not contain any reference to the military campaign of Tigranes in Phoenicia and Judea.
 
[NOTE – Contrary to what is often claimed, ''Il Tigrane; ovvero, L’egual impegno d’amore e di fede'' (Teatro San Bartolomeo, Naples, 1715) by Alessandro Scarlatti (with libretto of Domenico Lalli [pseud. for Sebastiano Biancardi]) does not deal with the same subject but with the sixth-century BCE Armenian King Tigranes. The same libretto was set to music by [[Tomaso Albinoni]], under the title ''L’amor di figlio non conosciuto'' (Teatro Sant’Angelo, Venice 1715).]
 
==Related categories==
*[[Salome Alexandra|Salome Alexandra (subject)]]
 
==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_the_great Wikipedia]
 
====Pictures from the web====
*[http://images-mediawiki-sites.thefullwiki.org/08/1/1/7/41065163435810864.gif Map of Tigranes' kingdom] <thefullwiki.org>
 
*[http://www.livius.org/a/1/anatolia/coin_tigranes_armenia.jpg Coin of Tigranes] <livius.org>
 
*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/TigranStatue.jpg/316px-TigranStatue.jpg Modern Statue of Tigranes at Yerevan] <wikipedia.org>
 
*[http://www.armenians.com/famous/Tigran/Mvc-791s.jpg Modern Armenian Coin dedicated to Tigranes] <armenians.com>
 
==References (major articles)==
*The Book of Judith, Queen Sholomzion and King Tigranes of Armenia: A Sadducee Appraisal / [[Samuel Rocca]] / [[Materia Giudaica]] 10.1 (2005): 1-14
[[Category:Subjects]]
[[Category:People]]

Revision as of 06:34, 14 October 2011


This category includes (in chronological order) scholarly and fictional works dealing with the character of the Armenian King Tigranes the Great.

Selected Bibliography (articles)

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