Difference between revisions of "Category:Devil (subject)"

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According to Jewish (Christian, and Islamic) traditions, the Devil is a rebellious angel, whose action was seen by some as a main source (if not the origin) of evil.

Overview

Book of Numbers

Balaam and the Angel (1836) by Gustav Jäger

The first occurrence of the word "satan" in the Jewish tradition in reference to a supernatural figure comes from Numbers 22:22 which describes the Angel of Yhwh confronting Balaam on his donkey:

"Balaam's departure aroused the wrath of Elohim, and the Angel of Yhwh stood in the road as a satan against him."

Satan is not a name but a function. An angel of God is sent by God as a satan (an accuser) against Balaam.

Book of Chronicles

In 2 Samuel 24, Yahweh sends the "Angel of YHWN" to inflict a plague against Israel for three days, killing 70,000 people as punishment for David having taken a census without his approval. 1 Chronicles 21:1 repeats this story, but replaces the "Angel of Yahweh" with an entity referred to as "a satan". A satan is an angel of God sent for punishment. Good and evil come from God as a direct consequence of human behavior. Angels are instruments of God's mercy or wrath. Depending on the circumstances an angel is a "messenger", a "savior", or a "satan".

The Satan in the Book of Job

Satan and Job

Job is a righteous man favored by Yahweh:

1 There was once a man in the land of Uz whose name was Job. That man was blameless and upright, one who feared God and turned away from evil. 2 There were born to him seven sons and three daughters. 3 He had seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen, five hundred donkeys, and very many servants; so that this man was the greatest of all the people of the east. 4 His sons used to go and hold feasts in one another’s houses in turn; and they would send and invite their three sisters to eat and drink with them. 5 And when the feast days had run their course, Job would send and sanctify them, and he would rise early in the morning and offer burnt offerings according to the number of them all; for Job said, “It may be that my children have sinned, and cursed God in their hearts.” This is what Job always did.

The Satan in the Book of Job is a member of God's heavenly council. He is not a rebellious angel; he is one of God's angels and court officers. The Satan questions the righteousness of Job, urging Yhwh to let him harm Job, promising that Job will abandon his faith at the first tribulation. Yahwh consents and at first gives the Satan only the authority to cause calamity to Job and destroy his properties (but not to touch him!):

6 One day the bene elohim (=the angels) came to present themselves before the Lord, and Satan also came among them. 7 The Lord said to Satan, “Where have you come from?” Satan answered the Lord, “From going to and fro on the earth, and from walking up and down on it.” 8 The Lord said to Satan, “Have you considered my servant Job? There is no one like him on the earth, a blameless and upright man who fears God and turns away from evil.” 9 Then Satan answered the Lord, “Does Job fear God for nothing? 10 Have you not put a fence around him and his house and all that he has, on every side? You have blessed the work of his hands, and his possessions have increased in the land. 11 But stretch out your hand now, and touch all that he has, and he will curse you to your face.” 12 The Lord said to Satan,[g] “Very well, all that he has is in your power; only do not stretch out your hand against him!” So Satan[h] went out from the presence of the Lord.

Following God's order, the satan destroys Job's servants and flocks, yet Job refuses to condemn Yhwh:

13 One day when his sons and daughters were eating and drinking wine in the eldest brother’s house, 14 a messenger came to Job and said, “The oxen were plowing and the donkeys were feeding beside them, 15 and the Sabeans fell on them and carried them off, and killed the servants with the edge of the sword; I alone have escaped to tell you.” 16 While he was still speaking, another came and said, “The fire of God fell from heaven and burned up the sheep and the servants, and consumed them; I alone have escaped to tell you.” 17 While he was still speaking, another came and said, “The Chaldeans formed three columns, made a raid on the camels and carried them off, and killed the servants with the edge of the sword; I alone have escaped to tell you.” 18 While he was still speaking, another came and said, “Your sons and daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest brother’s house, 19 and suddenly a great wind came across the desert, struck the four corners of the house, and it fell on the young people, and they are dead; I alone have escaped to tell you.” 20 Then Job arose, tore his robe, shaved his head, and fell on the ground and worshiped. 21 He said, “Naked I came from my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return there; the Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord.” 22 In all this Job did not sin or charge God with wrongdoing.

Then the first scene repeats itself, with the satan presenting himself to Yahweh alongside the other "sons of God". Yhwh points out Job's continued faithfulness, to which the satan insists that more testing is necessary; Yahweh once again gives him permission to test Job (but not to kill him!):

2 One day the heavenly beings[a] came to present themselves before the Lord, and Satan[b] also came among them to present himself before the Lord. 2 The Lord said to Satan,[c] “Where have you come from?” Satan[d] answered the Lord, “From going to and fro on the earth, and from walking up and down on it.” 3 The Lord said to Satan,[e] “Have you considered my servant Job? There is no one like him on the earth, a blameless and upright man who fears God and turns away from evil. He still persists in his integrity, although you incited me against him, to destroy him for no reason.” 4 Then Satan[f] answered the Lord, “Skin for skin! All that people have they will give to save their lives.[g] 5 But stretch out your hand now and touch his bone and his flesh, and he will curse you to your face.” 6 The Lord said to Satan,[h] “Very well, he is in your power; only spare his life.”

Once again, refuses to condemn Yhwh, not even at the invitation of his wife

7 So Satan[i] went out from the presence of the Lord, and inflicted loathsome sores on Job from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head. 8 Job[j] took a potsherd with which to scrape himself, and sat among the ashes. 9 Then his wife said to him, “Do you still persist in your integrity? Curse[k] God, and die.” 10 But he said to her, “You speak as any foolish woman would speak. Shall we receive the good at the hand of God, and not receive the bad?” In all this Job did not sin with his lips.

At this point, having accomplished his task, the satan disappears from the narrative and the story focuses on Job's struggle to "understand" what happened to him. see Book of Job.

Job firmly believes that both "the good" and "the bad" come from God.

Job's three friends of his (Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite) cone to "console" him. First they are silent before such suffering, but then they try to convince him of the only possible explanation: he must have sinned.

11 Now when Job’s three friends heard of all these troubles that had come upon him, each of them set out from his home—Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite. They met together to go and console and comfort him. 12 When they saw him from a distance, they did not recognize him, and they raised their voices and wept aloud; they tore their robes and threw dust in the air upon their heads. 13 They sat with him on the ground seven days and seven nights, and no one spoke a word to him, for they saw that his suffering was very great.

Job would not condemn God but he would not even recognize that he is a sinner, because he is not. There must be some other explanation.

A covenant in which the first party (God) is only the empire or judge is unfair to humans. Ant the covenant is a too strong limitation of God's liberty and power

The Satan is never blamed as the source or the cause of evil. God is the source of evil, and should not be blamed. Humans have to resign themselves to the will of God as his plans are good but mysterious. Humans cannot understand and should not try to understand; they should not question God's will, we can only accept it in obedience.

At the end, the righteousness of Job is recognized and his status is restored:

42:10 And the Lord restored the fortunes of Job when he had prayed for his friends, and the Lord gave Job twice as much as he had before. 11 Then there came to him all his brothers and sisters and all who had known him before, and they ate bread with him in his house; they showed him sympathy and comforted him for all the evil that the Lord had brought upon him; and each of them gave him a piece of money[a] and a gold ring. 12 The Lord blessed the latter days of Job more than his beginning, and he had fourteen thousand sheep, six thousand camels, a thousand yoke of oxen, and a thousand donkeys. 13 He also had seven sons and three daughters. 14 He named the first Jemimah, the second Keziah, and the third Keren-happuch. 15 In all the land there were no women so beautiful as Job’s daughters, and their father gave them an inheritance along with their brothers. 16 After this Job lived one hundred and forty years and saw his children and his children’s children, four generations. 17 And Job died, old and full of days.

Satan as the Enemy

'Woe unto thee, thou devil. Why dost thou attack us for no cause What hast thou to do with us What have we done to thee for thou pursuest us with craft Or why doth thy malice 3 assail us Have we taken away thy glory and caused thee to be without honour Why dost thou harry us, thou enemy (and persecute us) to the death in wickedness and envy' xii 1 And with a heavy sigh, the devil spake: 'O Adam! all my hostility, envy, and sorrow is for thee, since it is for thee that I have been expelled from my glory, which I possessed in the heavens 2 in the midst of the angels and for thee was I cast out in the earth.' Adam answered, 'What dost 3 thou tell me What have I done to thee or what is my fault against thee Seeing that thou hast received no harm or injury from us, why dost thou pursue us' xiii 1 The devil replied, 'Adam, what dost thou tell me It is for thy sake that I have been hurled 2 from that place. When thou wast formed. I was hurled out of the presence of God and banished from the company of the angels. When God blew into thee the breath of life and thy face and likeness was made in the image of God, Michael also brought thee and made (us) worship thee in the sight of God; and God the Lord spake: Here is Adam. I have made thee in our image and likeness.' xiv 1 And Michael went out and called all the angels saying: 'Worship the image of God as the Lord God hath commanded.' And Michael himself worshipped first; then he called me and said: 'Worship the image of God 3 the Lord.' And I answered, 'I have no (need) to worship Adam.' And since Michael kept urging me to worship, I said to him, 'Why dost thou urge me I will not worship an inferior and younger being (than I). I am his senior in the Creation, before he was made was I already made. It is his duty to worship me.' xv 1,2 When the angels, who were under me, heard this, they refused to worship him. And Michael saith, 'Worship the image of God, but if thou wilt not worship him, the Lord God will be wrath 3 with thee.' And I said, 'If He be wrath with me, I will set my seat above the stars of heaven and will be like the Highest.' xvi 1 And God the Lord was wrath with me and banished me and my angels from our glory; and on 2 thy account were we expelled from our abodes into this world and hurled on the earth. And 3 straightway we were overcome with grief, since we had been spoiled of so great glory. And we 4 were grieved when we saw thee in such joy and luxury. And with guile I cheated thy wife and caused thee to be expelled through her (doing) from thy joy and luxury, as I have been driven out of my glory. xvii 1 When Adam heard the devil say this, he cried out and wept and spake: 'O Lord my God, my life is in thy hands. Banish this Adversary far from me, who seeketh to destroy my soul, and give 2,3 me his glory which he himself hath lost.'

See also Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

The Devil in Christianity

The Satan is the origin of all evil. He was cast out of heaven by the archangel Michael.

The Devil is the serpent that seduced Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden (Revelation 12:7; and then Justin, Theophilus and Tertullian).

Jesus is the remedy to the power of evil.

In Matthew 20:28, Jesus says "the Son of Man...came...to give his life as a ransom for many."[2] 1 Timothy 2:6 states that Jesus "gave himself as ransom for all." Paul also saw Jesus as the paschal lamb.

Essentially, the ransom theory claimed that the Satan reduced Adam and Eve and their descendent into slavery at the time of the Fall; hence, it required that God pay a ransom to free humans from the Devil's power. This ransom was the blood of Jesus. Justice was satisfied and God was able to free us from Satan's grip.

Because of the Satan, all humans lost completely their capability of doing good ("original sin").

However, even after baptism (and deliverance form evil) humans remain under the devil's temptation.

The devil presents himself either as a seducer (Mephistopheles, like in Job) or as a blind destructive force (like in the book of Revelation or the Life of Adam and Eve). The Antichrist.

The devil (and the demons) are also presented as the tormentors of sinners in Hell; see Last Judgment.

The Devil in Judaism

The Devil in Judaism is traditionally associated with the Yetzer Hara.

In the Zohar, Lurianic Kabbalah, and Hermetic Qabalah, the qlippoth (Hebrew: קְלִיפּוֹת, romanized: qəlīppōṯ, originally Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קְלִיפִּין, romanized: qəlīppīn, plural of קְלִפָּה qəlīppā; literally "peels", "shells", or "husks"), are the representation of evil or impure spiritual forces in Jewish mysticism, the polar opposites of the holy Sefirot

The Devil in Islam

The Angels meet Adam

Iblis (Saytan) is mentioned 11 times in the Quran by name, nine times related to his refusal against God's Command to prostrate himself before Adam. The story is taken by the Christian Life of Adam and Eve and can be summarised as follows:

When God created Adam, He ordered all the angels to bow before the new creation. All the angels bowed down, but Iblis refused to do so. He argued that since he himself was created from fire, he is superior to humans, made from mud, and that he should not prostrate himself before Adam. For his haughtiness, he was banished from heaven and condemned to hell. Similar to the Satan in the Book of Job or to Mastema in the Book of Jubilees, Iblis made a request for the ability to try to mislead Adam and his descendants. God grants his request but also warned that he will have no power over God's servants.

According to some Muslim interpreters, Iblis was on of the superior angels, for others he was the father of the genies (jinn) (spirits, sort of inferior species of angels). Genies are mentioned in the Quran as a separate category from angels and humans, and the equivalent of the evil spirits in the Enochic tradition or in the Gospels. They are not however associated with the sin of the Fallen Angels as their offsprings. Their existence comes from pre-Islamic Arab traditions. Genies have free will and are not necesdsarily evil, some are malicious, some are benign.

The Satan (Iblis) in Islam is an enemy of humankind, not an enemy of God. Islam rejects the idea that the devil is an rebellious opponent of God. As a merely creature, Iblis can not be the cause or creator of evil in the world, he is just a tempter who takes advantage of the evil inclination of humans to be self-centered and to lead them away from God's path. Once again, his role is very similar to the role of Satan in the Book of Job. The Muslim position is a combination of elements from Christianity (Satan as the enemy of humankind) and Judaism (the yetzer hara). In its primitive state the nafs (self) has seven characteristics that must be overcome: Pride (Takabbur), Greed (Tamaa), Jealousy (Hasad), Lust (Shahwah), Backbiting (Gheebah), Stinginess (Bokhl), and Malice (Keen).

The view of Iblis is not unambiguously negative. In his refusal to prostrate himself to Adam, he acted as "the truest monotheist" (Tawḥīd-i Iblīs), because he would only bow before the Creator and not his creations. The idea that Iblis is not evil but a necessity for the world is also often repeated in Muslim literature. As a divinely appointed tempter he plays an important role in the divine order of the universe.

The Deal with the Devil: The Faust Legend

The Devil is the Enemy. But what kind of enemy is the Devil? A deceiver or a destroyer. Can he only try to seduce humans? Does he need the approval of human free will? Or he is a blind war machine, the persecutor of the innocent? Can the Devil make some promises in exchange for serving him?

• The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus (1589 Marlowe), play
  • Faust (1808 Goethe), poetry
  • La damnation de Faust (The Damnation of Faust / 1846 Berlioz / Gandonnièr, Berlioz), oratorio
  • Faust (1859 Gounod / Barbier, Carré), opera
  • < The Black Crook (1866 Baker, Operti, Bickwell / Barras), musical >
  • Mefistofele (Mephistopheles / 1875 Boito), opera
  • La damnation de Faust (1903 Méliès), short film
  • Faust (1910 Andréani, Barnett, Guazzoni), short film
  • Faust (1915 Sloman), short film
  • Faust (1922 Bourgeois), short film
  • Faust – eine deutsche Volkssage (Faust / 1926 Murnau), feature film
  • La beauté du diable (Beauty and the Devil / 1950 Clair), feature film
  • Faust (1960 Gorski, Gründgens), feature film
  • Doctor Faustus (1967 Burton, Coghill), feature film
  • Bedazzled (1967 Donen), feature film
  • < Mephisto (1981 Szabó), feature film >
  • Bedazzled (2000 Ramis), feature film
  • Faust: Love of the Damned (2001 Yuzna), feature film
  • Faust (2011 Sokurov), feature film

See: Deals with the Devil: A Brief Musical History

The Devil in ancient sources

• Devil (sources) -- survey of ancient sources

Films on the Devil

• Faust (1926) -- Faust, an old alchemist sells his soul to Mephisto for his youth but gets it back after he sacrifices himself.

• The Student of Prague (1926) -- Balduin, a poor university student and fencer sells his soul to become more popular but ends up having to fight his doppelgänger to save it.

• The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941) -- A poor farmer Jabez Stone sells his soul for seven years of luck and prosperity but gets it back with the help of Daniel Webster.

• Heaven Can Wait (1943) <Comedy> -- When kind playboy Henry Van Cleve dies and goes to Hell he isn't so sure whether he is evil enough to stay.

• Angel on My Shoulder (1946) -- He teams up with local small time gangster Eddie Kagle to get revenge on Smiley Williams while getting him to pose as Judge Frederick Parker who is his exact double.

• Alias Nick Beal (1949) -- A successful district attorney sells his soul to catch a mob boss and to run for governor but he gets it back with the help of his wife and local priest.

• The Story of Mankind (1957) -- He goes by the name of Mr. Scratch and opposes the Spirit of Man at a trial to determine the fate of mankind and the planet Earth in front of the High Judge when the potential of nuclear war with the H-Bomb becomes a threat to Heaven but is stopped.

• Up in Smoke (1957) -- Sach Jones sells his soul to the devil in order win a horserace but gets it back when his horse loses.

• Damn Yankees (1958) -- "Mr. Applegate" bargains with a middle aged baseball fan to give him youth and prowess in baseball in exchange for his soul but he gets it back in the end.

• Bedazzled (1967) -- A comic retelling of the Faust legend, set in the Swinging London of the 1960s. The Devil (Peter Cook) offers an unhappy young man (Moore) seven wishes in return for his soul, but twists the spirit of the wishes to frustrate the man's hopes.

• Rosemary's Baby (1968) -- Rosemary Woodhouse is raped by the Devil and gives birth to the Antichrist.
  • Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby (1976) -- Sequel to Rosemary's Baby. Also known as Rosemary's Baby Part II.

• The Exorcist (1973)
  • Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977)
  • The Exorcist III (1990)
  • Exorcist: The Beginning (2004)
  • Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist (2005)

• The Omen (1976) -- In which Satan's son Damien Thorn is the Antichrist.
  • Damien: Omen II (1978)
  • Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981)
  • The Omen (2006)

• The Devil and Max Devlin (1981) -- In which Satan makes a Faustian pact with Max Devlin to deliver three innocent people to Hell in exchange for longer life.

• Mephisto (1981) -- The film adapts the story of Mephistopheles and Doctor Faustus by having the main character Hendrik Höfgen abandon his conscience, continue to act and ingratiate himself with the Nazi Party, to keep and improve his job and social position.

• Oh, God! You Devil (1984) --

• Crossroads (1986) -- The Devil is portrayed as a trickster who takes souls in exchange for unparalleled musical prowess, a la Faust.

• Angel Heart (1987) -- In which the character "Louis Cypher", a play on the name "Lucifer," is revealed to be the Devil at the end of the film.

• Prince of Darkness (1987) -- In which the Devil has stored its essence in a container and attempts to break to the world through a mirror, seen only in the end.

• The Witches of Eastwick (1987) -- Three Women who are unaware of the power they possess, unknowingly summon what they consider to be the perfect man. He seduces all three of them and their lives dramatically improve. But, when they attempt to distance themselves, they see their worst fears materialize. The film does not directly refer to the man as the devil, but it is strongly implied.

• The Phantom of the Opera] (1989) -- Erik (The Phantom of the Opera) sells his soul so that the world would love his music. In return the devil scars his face so that he can never be loved.

• We Are Not Angels (1992) -- A comedy film in which the Devil fights the Angel (played by Uroš Đurić) for the soul of the Belgrade playboy (Nikola Kojo), who is unaware that he impregnated a high school student.

• Needful Things (1993) -- Based on Stephen King's novel of the same name, the film depicts the character of "Leland Gaunt" as the Devil himself, who opens a new antiques store in Castle Rock, Maine by the name of "Needful Things".

• The Prophecy (1995) -- Lucifer attempts to prevent Gabriel from triggering an angelic civil war that will create a new Hell to 'compete' with Lucifer's own.

• The Devil's Advocate (1997) -- John Milton — a reference to Paradise Lost — who is ultimately revealed to be Satan in human form, manipulates his son (Keanu Reeves), a criminal attorney who is ignorant of his true parentage, to accept his demonic heritage.

• The Ninth Gate (1999) -- A trio of 17th century books feature engravings supposedly created by Lucifer; legend states that the nine correct engravings, when brought together, reveal an inscription that will summon the Devil.

• End of Days (1999) -- Satan is the main villain, portrayed as a malignant, invisible force that takes possession of a businessman in order to conceive the Antichrist before the turn of the millennium, only to find himself opposed by an atheist ex-cop–turned–private–security–guard when he attempts to capture and rape the young woman who was prophesied to become his bride.

• Bedazzled (2000) <Black Comedy> -- A comic retelling of the Faust story.

• Little Nicky (2000) -- Lucifer is the father of Satan and preparing to retire as ruler of Hell; he is presented as a sympathetic character more interested in maintaining balance than actually taking over the world.

• Possessed (2000)

• The Crow: Wicked Prayer (2001) -- Luc "Death" Crash (a Satanic cult leader), is possessed by Lucifer (here called Satan) and wishes to jumpstart the Apocalypse by impregnating Crash's fiancée Lola Byrne (who is also a part of the cult) with the Antichrist, but is distracted by Jimmy Cuervo. The sun rises before Lola can be impregnated, and Jimmy impales Crash on a spike and slits his throat. Lucifer is sent back to hell following his host's death.

• Constantine (2005) -- Lucifer makes an appearance after being summoned by John Constantine to prevent Mammon from entering the human world, stating that he prefers waiting for humanity to damn itself rather than Mammon's plan to condemn the world to Hell himself; he later removes the source of Constantine's lung cancer to give the redeemed Constantine another chance to prove that he belongs in Hell after Constantine sacrifices a chance to save his own life to ask Satan to release someone else from Hell.

• Ghost Rider (2007) -- Mephistopheles sets everything in the film into motion, making deals for souls. Desperate to get back one contract for 1000 souls before his son Blackheart does, he calls in the marker he has on daredevil Johnny Blaze in exchange for curing his father's cancer, turning him into his bounty hunter.

• The Devil's Carnival (2012 <Horror> -- Lucifer is the leader of a Carnival occupied by demons portrayed as Carnies, which three sinners must go through; God is depicted as the enemy of Lucifer.

• This Is the End (2013) <Horror comedy> -- Satan is portrayed as an enormous seven-headed creature with magma-like skin.

• The Witch (2015) <Horror> -- The film follows a Separatist family encountering forces of evil in the woods beyond their New England farm.

The Devil in literature & the arts

• Devil (arts) -- survey of fictional works

The Devil in scholarship

• Devil (research) -- survey of scholarly works

References

• Devil / Jeffrey B. Gibson / In: Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans: 2000)

External links

• Wikipedia