Difference between revisions of "Tiberius"

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*This page is edited by [[Samuele Rocca]], Israel
#REDIRECT [[:Category:Tiberius (subject)]]
*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Tiberius (sources)]]
*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Tiberius (subject)]]
 
 
'''Tiberius''' (42 BCE - 37 CE) was the second Roman Emperor, from 14 CE to 37 CE.
 
==Overview==
 
[[Tiberius]] was the second ruler of the [[Julio-Claudian]] dynasty. He reigned from 14 CE (after [[Augustus]]) to 37 CE (followed by [[Caligula]]).
===Early Career===
[[Tiberius Caesar Augustus]] (42 BCE - AD 37), was the second Roman Emperor, from the death of [[Augustus]] in AD 14 until his own death in 37 CE. [[Tiberius Claudius Nero]] was by birth a member of the gens Claudia. He was the son of [[Tiberius Claudius Nero]] and [[Livia Drusilla]]. His mother divorced his father and was remarried to [[Octavian]] in 39 BCE. In 24 BCE, [[Tiberius]] received the position of quaestor, and was granted the right to stand election for praetor and consul five years in advance of the age required by law. Similar provisions were made for his brother [[Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus]]. In 20 BCE, [[Tiberius]] was sent East under [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]] to retrieve the standars captured by the [[Parthians]]. After several years of negotiation, [[Tiberius]] led a sizable force into [[Armenia]], to establish it as a Roman client-state. Augustus reached a compromise whereby these standards were returned, and [[Armenia]] remained a neutral territory between the Roman Empire and [[Parthia]]. Back from the East in 19 BCE, [[Tiberius]] was appointed praetor. While [[Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus]] focused his forces in [[Gallia Narbonensis]], [[Tiberius]] fought the tribes in the Alps and within [[Transalpine Gaul]]. Back to Rome in 13 BCE, [[Tiberius ]]was appointed as consul. In 12 BCE, [[Tiberius]] received military commissions in [[Pannonia]] and [[Germania]]. He returned to Rome and was consul for a second time in 7 BCE, and in 6 BCE was granted tribunician power (tribunicia potestas) and control in the East. However in 6 BCE, [[Tiberius]], retired to [[Rhodes]]. [[Augustus]] adopted [[Tiberius]] in 4 CE. Along with his adoption, [[Tiberius]] received tribunician power as well as a share of [[Augustus]]'s maius imperium. [[Tiberius]] first married [[Vipsania Agrippina]], the daughter of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]]. Their son, [[Julius Caesar Drusus]], was born in 13 BCE. [[Tiberius]] later married [[Augustus]]' daughter [[Julia the Elder]].
===Tiberius Rule===
[[Tiberius Caesar Augustus]] succeeded to [[Augustus]] in 14 C.E. [[Tiberius]] followed the steps of [[Augustus]]. However, he abolished [[Augustus]] advisory council, Consilium Principis, and had matters brought directly to the Senate. The early years of [[Tiberius]] principate were characterized by a successful expansion in the West, mainly in [[Germania]], under the leadership of [[Germanicus Julius Caesar]] and [[Tiberius]]'s son, [[Julius Caesar Drusus]]. [[Germanicus]], after he quelled a mutiny of the Rhine legions, led them on a short campaign across the Rhine into Germanic territory and quickly occupied all of the territory between the Rhine and the Elbe. Additionally [[Germanicus]]’army captured the Teutoburg forest. Back from [[Germania]], [[Germanicus]] celebrated a triumph in Rome in 17 CE. In 18 CE [[Germanicus]] was granted control over the eastern part of the empire. However, [[Germanicus]] died next year, possibly poisoned by [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso]], the governor of Syria. While In the East, [[Germanicus]] annexed in 18-19 C.E. [[Commagene]] and [[Cappadocia]]. In 22 CE, [[Tiberius]] shared his tribunician authority with his son [[Julius Caesar Drusus]], but in 23 CE, [[Julius Caesar Drusus]] died. In 26 C.E., till his last year Tiberius retired from Rome to the island of Capri, leaving the government in the hands of [[Lucius Aelius Sejanus]], the praefectus praetorius. [[Sejanus]] remained in power till 32 C.E. The years of [[Sejanus]] were characterized by trials for treason before the Senate of Senators, wealthy equites and even members of the Imperial family. The last years of [[Tiberius]]’ rule, after [[Sejan]] execution, were characterized by a complete withdrawal from Rome and political life. [[Tiberius]] died in [[Misenum]] in 37 CE. He was succeeded by [[Gaius Caesar Caligula]].
===Tiberius the Jews and Judaea===
[[Tiberius]] closely followed Augustus policy. Yet in 19 CE, the Senate ordered the expulsion from the city of all the Jews together with the priests of the cult of [[Isis]]. It seems that the expulsion was a consequence of the complaints of a Roman matrona named Fulvia, probably a [[theosebes]], who was cheated by some members of the Jewish community of Rome, who took her money, instead of sending it to the [[Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]]. Four thousand Jews, who were liberti, or sons of liberti, were sent to [[Sardinia]] in a military unit. The future [[Agrippa I]] was in Rome between 4 B.C.E. and 23 C.E., then from 33 till 37 C.E., where he enjoyed the friendship of [[Julius Caesar Drusus]]. Tiberius entrusted him with the education of his grandson [[Tiberius Gemellus]]. In the last years of Tiberius’s reign, [[Agrippa I]] formed an intimacy with [[Gaius Caesar Caligula]]. This cost him a long time in jail. In Judaea [[Tiberius]] appointed three governors--[[Valerius Gratus]] (15-26 CE), [[Pontius Pilate]] (26-36 CE), and [[Marcellus]] (36-37 CE). [[Tiberius]] had a privileged relationship with the tetrarch [[Herod Antipas]]. Thus [[Herod Antipas]] rebuilt the city of [[Betharamphtha]] and called it [[Livias]], in honor of the mother of [[Tiberius]], [[Livia Augusta]]. The city of [[Tiberias]], built on the western shore of the Lake of Galilee, the main building project of [[Herod Antipas]] was named in honor of [[Tiberius]]. In 37 CE, [[Tiberius]] fully supported [[Herod Antipas]] war against the [[Nabateans]]. Thus, when [[Herod Antipas]] invaded the Nabatean kingdom and was defeated, [[Tiberius]] ordered [[Vitellius]], governor of [[Syria]], to send an army to punish the Nabateans, but the Emperor’s death, prevented the vindication of [[Herod Antipas]].
 
==Related categories==
 
*[[Roman Emperors]]
 
==External links==
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus Wikipedia]




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