Difference between revisions of "Category:Tobias (subject)"

Tobias is a son of Tobit. His coming to age is narrated in the Book of Tobit.

Overview

(a) The Good Son

Tobias and his parents, Tobit and Anna, were a family of pious Israelites from Northern Israel. They lived at the time of the Assyrian Exile. At the feast of Pentecost, Tobit sent his son to bring at the table "whatever poor person you may find of our people among the exiles in Nineveh." Tobit came back announcing that a fellow Israelite had been murdered and his body thrown in the market place. Tobit went out and buried the body but got sick. He lost his sight for an infection and could no longer support his family.

Book of Tobit (chap. 2)

2 Then during the reign of Esar-haddon[a] I returned home, and my wife Anna and my son Tobias were restored to me. At our festival of Pentecost, which is the sacred festival of weeks, a good dinner was prepared for me and I reclined to eat. 2 When the table was set for me and an abundance of food placed before me, I said to my son Tobias, “Go, my child, and bring whatever poor person you may find of our people among the exiles in Nineveh, who is wholeheartedly mindful of God,[b] and he shall eat together with me. I will wait for you, until you come back.” 3 So Tobias went to look for some poor person of our people. When he had returned he said, “Father!” And I replied, “Here I am, my child.” Then he went on to say, “Look, father, one of our own people has been murdered and thrown into the market place, and now he lies there strangled.” 4 Then I sprang up, left the dinner before even tasting it, and removed the body[c] from the square[d] and laid it[e] in one of the rooms until sunset when I might bury it.[f] 5 When I returned, I washed myself and ate my food in sorrow ... 7 When the sun had set, I went and dug a grave and buried him ... 9 That same night I washed myself and went into my courtyard and slept by the wall of the courtyard; and my face was uncovered because of the heat. 10 I did not know that there were sparrows on the wall; their fresh droppings fell into my eyes and produced white films. I went to physicians to be healed, but the more they treated me with ointments the more my vision was obscured by the white films, until I became completely blind. For four years I remained unable to see. All my kindred were sorry for me, and Ahikar took care of me for two years before he went to Elymais. 11 At that time, also, my wife Anna earned money at women’s work. 12 She used to send what she made to the owners and they would pay wages to her.

(b) Tobias's education

Tobit had left in trust some money to a friend in Media. The only hope was now that his child could go and take that money. Before leaving, Tobit reminded the child to keep the commandments and love his neighbors (chap. 4). The first duty of a child is to honor his parents mother and father), to support them when they are old, and to bury them when they die. Then there are the duties toward God and toward the neighbors, especially the poor. Then, there is the command to marry, support the family as well as the duty to work and "pay the wages of those who work for you."

Book of Tobit (chap. 4)

4 That same day Tobit remembered the money that he had left in trust with Gabael at Rages in Media, 2 and he said to himself, “Now I have asked for death. Why do I not call my son Tobias and explain to him about the money before I die?” 3 Then he called his son Tobias, and when he came to him he said, “My son, when I die,[a] give me a proper burial. Honor your mother and do not abandon her all the days of her life. Do whatever pleases her, and do not grieve her in anything. 4 Remember her, my son, because she faced many dangers for you while you were in her womb. And when she dies, bury her beside me in the same grave.

5 “Revere the Lord all your days, my son, and refuse to sin or to transgress his commandments. Live uprightly all the days of your life, and do not walk in the ways of wrongdoing; 6 for those who act in accordance with truth will prosper in all their activities. To all those who practice righteousness[b] 7 give alms from your possessions, and do not let your eye begrudge the gift when you make it. Do not turn your face away from anyone who is poor, and the face of God will not be turned away from you. 8 If you have many possessions, make your gift from them in proportion; if few, do not be afraid to give according to the little you have. 9 So you will be laying up a good treasure for yourself against the day of necessity. 10 For almsgiving delivers from death and keeps you from going into the Darkness. 11 Indeed, almsgiving, for all who practice it, is an excellent offering in the presence of the Most High.

12 “Beware, my son, of every kind of fornication. First of all, marry a woman from among the descendants of your ancestors; do not marry a foreign woman, who is not of your father’s tribe; for we are the descendants of the prophets. Remember, my son, that Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, our ancestors of old, all took wives from among their kindred. They were blessed in their children, and their posterity will inherit the land. 13 So now, my son, love your kindred, and in your heart do not disdain your kindred, the sons and daughters of your people, by refusing to take a wife for yourself from among them. For in pride there is ruin and great confusion. And in idleness there is loss and dire poverty, because idleness is the mother of famine.

14 “Do not keep over until the next day the wages of those who work for you, but pay them at once. If you serve God you will receive payment. Watch yourself, my son, in everything you do, and discipline yourself in all your conduct. 15 And what you hate, do not do to anyone. Do not drink wine to excess or let drunkenness go with you on your way. 16 Give some of your food to the hungry, and some of your clothing to the naked. Give all your surplus as alms, and do not let your eye begrudge your giving of alms. 17 Place your bread on the grave of the righteous, but give none to sinners. 18 Seek advice from every wise person and do not despise any useful counsel. 19 At all times bless the Lord God, and ask him that your ways may be made straight and that all your paths and plans may prosper. For none of the nations has understanding, but the Lord himself will give them good counsel; but if he chooses otherwise, he casts down to deepest Hades. So now, my child, remember these commandments, and do not let them be erased from your heart.

20 “And now, my son, let me explain to you that I left ten talents of silver in trust with Gabael son of Gabrias, at Rages in Media. 21 Do not be afraid, my son, because we have become poor. You have great wealth if you fear God and flee from every sin and do what is good in the sight of the Lord your God.”

(c) Travel preparations

Going from Niniveh, Assyria, to Rages, Media, was a long and dangerous journey for a child. The family searched for a person who could go with him. A certain Azariah offered to accompany the child. They did not know that he was the angel Raphael in disguise.

Book of Tobit (chap.5)

The Angel Raphael -- 5.1 Then Tobias answered his father Tobit, “I will do everything that you have commanded me, father; 2 but how can I obtain the money[a] from him, since he does not know me and I do not know him? What evidence[b] am I to give him so that he will recognize and trust me, and give me the money? Also, I do not know the roads to Media, or how to get there.” 3 Then Tobit answered his son Tobias, “He gave me his bond and I gave him my bond. I[c] divided his in two; we each took one part, and I put one with the money. And now twenty years have passed since I left this money in trust. So now, my son, find yourself a trustworthy man to go with you, and we will pay him wages until you return. But get back the money from Gabael.”[d]

4 So Tobias went out to look for a man to go with him to Media, someone who was acquainted with the way. He went out and found the angel Raphael standing in front of him; but he did not perceive that he was an angel of God. 5 Tobias[e] said to him, “Where do you come from, young man?” “From your kindred, the Israelites,” he replied, “and I have come here to work.” Then Tobias[f] said to him, “Do you know the way to go to Media?” 6 “Yes,” he replied, “I have been there many times; I am acquainted with it and know all the roads. I have often traveled to Media, and would stay with our kinsman Gabael who lives in Rages of Media. It is a journey of two days from Ecbatana to Rages; for it lies in a mountainous area, while Ecbatana is in the middle of the plain.” 7 Then Tobias said to him, “Wait for me, young man, until I go in and tell my father; for I do need you to travel with me, and I will pay you your wages.” 8 He replied, “All right, I will wait; but do not take too long.”

9 So Tobias[g] went in to tell his father Tobit and said to him, “I have just found a man who is one of our own Israelite kindred!” He replied, “Call the man in, my son, so that I may learn about his family and to what tribe he belongs, and whether he is trustworthy enough to go with you.”

10 Then Tobias went out and called him, and said, “Young man, my father is calling for you.” So he went in to him, and Tobit greeted him first. He replied, “Joyous greetings to you!” But Tobit retorted, “What joy is left for me any more? I am a man without eyesight; I cannot see the light of heaven, but I lie in darkness like the dead who no longer see the light. Although still alive, I am among the dead. I hear people but I cannot see them.” But the young man[h] said, “Take courage; the time is near for God to heal you; take courage.” Then Tobit said to him, “My son Tobias wishes to go to Media. Can you accompany him and guide him? I will pay your wages, brother.” He answered, “I can go with him and I know all the roads, for I have often gone to Media and have crossed all its plains, and I am familiar with its mountains and all of its roads.”

11 Then Tobit[i] said to him, “Brother, of what family are you and from what tribe? Tell me, brother.” 12 He replied, “Why do you need to know my tribe?” But Tobit[j] said, “I want to be sure, brother, whose son you are and what your name is.” 13 He replied, “I am Azariah, the son of the great Hananiah, one of your relatives.” 14 Then Tobit said to him, “Welcome! God save you, brother. Do not feel bitter toward me, brother, because I wanted to be sure about your ancestry. It turns out that you are a kinsman, and of good and noble lineage. For I knew Hananiah and Nathan,[k] the two sons of Shemeliah,[l] and they used to go with me to Jerusalem and worshiped with me there, and were not led astray. Your kindred are good people; you come of good stock. Hearty welcome!”

15 Then he added, “I will pay you a drachma a day as wages, as well as expenses for yourself and my son. So go with my son, 16 and[m] I will add something to your wages.” Raphael[n] answered, “I will go with him; so do not fear. We shall leave in good health and return to you in good health, because the way is safe.” 17 So Tobit[o] said to him, “Blessings be upon you, brother.”

Then he called his son and said to him, “Son, prepare supplies for the journey and set out with your brother. May God in heaven bring you safely there and return you in good health to me; and may his angel, my son, accompany you both for your safety.”

Before he went out to start his journey, he kissed his father and mother. Tobit then said to him, “Have a safe journey.”

18 But his mother[p] began to weep, and said to Tobit, “Why is it that you have sent my child away? Is he not the staff of our hand as he goes in and out before us? 19 Do not heap money upon money, but let it be a ransom for our child. 20 For the life that is given to us by the Lord is enough for us.” 21 Tobit[q] said to her, “Do not worry; our child will leave in good health and return to us in good health. Your eyes will see him on the day when he returns to you in good health. Say no more! Do not fear for them, my sister. 22 For a good angel will accompany him; his journey will be successful, and he will come back in good health.” 6.1 So she stopped weeping.

(d) Tobias's Journey

Tobias took his dog with him and followed Azariah.

Along the way, while washing his feet in the river Tigris, a fish tries to swallow Tobias's foot. By the angel's order, Tobias captured it and removed its heart, liver and gall bladder, telling him that they had the power to cast away the demons and to heal the sick.

Book of Tobit (chap. 6)

Journey to Rages -- 6.1b The young man went out and the angel went with him; 2 and the dog came out with him and went along with them. So they both journeyed along, and when the first night overtook them they camped by the Tigris river. 3 Then the young man went down to wash his feet in the Tigris river. Suddenly a large fish leaped up from the water and tried to swallow the young man’s foot, and he cried out. 4 But the angel said to the young man, “Catch hold of the fish and hang on to it!” So the young man grasped the fish and drew it up on the land. 5 Then the angel said to him, “Cut open the fish and take out its gall, heart, and liver. Keep them with you, but throw away the intestines. For its gall, heart, and liver are useful as medicine.” 6 So after cutting open the fish the young man gathered together the gall, heart, and liver; then he roasted and ate some of the fish, and kept some to be salted.

The two continued on their way together until they were near Media.[a] 7 Then the young man questioned the angel and said to him, “Brother Azariah, what medicinal value is there in the fish’s heart and liver, and in the gall?” 8 He replied, “As for the fish’s heart and liver, you must burn them to make a smoke in the presence of a man or woman afflicted by a demon or evil spirit, and every affliction will flee away and never remain with that person any longer. 9 And as for the gall, anoint a person’s eyes where white films have appeared on them; blow upon them, upon the white films, and the eyes[b] will be healed.”

Raphael’s Instructions -- 10 When he entered Media and already was approaching Ecbatana,[c] 11 Raphael said to the young man, “Brother Tobias.” “Here I am,” he answered. Then Raphael[d] said to him, “We must stay this night in the home of Raguel. He is your relative, and he has a daughter named Sarah. 12 He has no male heir and no daughter except Sarah only, and you, as next of kin to her, have before all other men a hereditary claim on her. Also it is right for you to inherit her father’s possessions. Moreover, the girl is sensible, brave, and very beautiful, and her father is a good man.” 13 He continued, “You have every right to take her in marriage. So listen to me, brother; tonight I will speak to her father about the girl, so that we may take her to be your bride. When we return from Rages we will celebrate her marriage. For I know that Raguel can by no means keep her from you or promise her to another man without incurring the penalty of death according to the decree of the book of Moses. Indeed he knows that you, rather than any other man, are entitled to marry his daughter. So now listen to me, brother, and tonight we shall speak concerning the girl and arrange her engagement to you. And when we return from Rages we will take her and bring her back with us to your house.”

14 Then Tobias said in answer to Raphael, “Brother Azariah, I have heard that she already has been married to seven husbands and that they died in the bridal chamber. On the night when they went in to her, they would die. I have heard people saying that it was a demon that killed them. 15 It does not harm her, but it kills anyone who desires to approach her. So now, since I am the only son my father has, I am afraid that I may die and bring my father’s and mother’s life down to their grave, grieving for me—and they have no other son to bury them.”

16 But Raphael[e] said to him, “Do you not remember your father’s orders when he commanded you to take a wife from your father’s house? Now listen to me, brother, and say no more about this demon. Take her. I know that this very night she will be given to you in marriage. 17 When you enter the bridal chamber, take some of the fish’s liver and heart, and put them on the embers of the incense. An odor will be given off; 18 the demon will smell it and flee, and will never be seen near her any more. Now when you are about to go to bed with her, both of you must first stand up and pray, imploring the Lord of heaven that mercy and safety may be granted to you. Do not be afraid, for she was set apart for you before the world was made. You will save her, and she will go with you. I presume that you will have children by her, and they will be as brothers to you. Now say no more!” When Tobias heard the words of Raphael and learned that she was his kinswoman,[f] related through his father’s lineage, he loved her very much, and his heart was drawn to her.

Visual arts =

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  Tobias and the Angel (1460 Pollaiuolo), art

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  Tobias and the Angel (1465 Gozzoli), art

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  Raffaele e Tobiolo (Tobias and the Angel / 1475 Andrea della Robbia), art

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  Tobias and the Angel (1475 Verrocchio), art

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  Tobias and the Angel (1480 Lippi), art

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  Three Angels and Young Tobias (1485 Lippi), art

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  Tobias and the Angel (1516 Stoss), art

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  Tobias and the Angel (1525 Savoldo), art

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  Angel and Tobias with the Fish (1625 Lastman), art

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  Tobias and the Angel (1740 Giaquinto), art

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  Tobias Saying Farewell to His Father (1860 Bouguereau), art

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  Tobias and the Angel (1863 Rosales), art

(e) Tobias's Marriage with Sarah

Through his voyage, Tobias became an adult. Marriage marked the end of its journey and childhood. When he arrived in Media, he was told that a beautiful Israelite girl, Sarah, lived there and a demon was preventing her from being married. Tobias burned the fish's lever and heart. "The odor of the fish so repelled the demon that he fled to the remotest parts of Egypt" (8:3).

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  Prayer of Tobias and Sarah (1654 Knüpfer), art

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  Marriage of Tobias and Sarah (1673 Steen), art

(f) Tobias healed his father

Tobias left his home a child and returned a happy and rich man. He prepared a medicine with the gall of the fish and restored his father's sight. Tobit and Tobias offered Azariah half of their properties to thank him for his help. At this point the angel Raphael revealed his true identity and left them.

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  Healing of Tobit (1555 Hemessen), art

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  The Archangel Raphael Refusing Tobias's Gift (1612 Biliverti), art

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  Tobias som läker sin blinde faders ögon (Healing of Tobit / 1854 Malmström), art

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  Le jeune Tobie rendant à la vue à son père (Healing of Tobit / 1879 Fagel), art

(g) Tobias's Happy and Long Life

Tobias lived a long and happy life. He had seven children, buried his parents, and saw the end of the exile.