Difference between revisions of "Caracalla"

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*This page is edited by [[Samuele Rocca]], Israel
*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Septimius Severus (sources)]]
*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category: Caracalla (subject)]]
[[Marcus Aurelius Antoninus]] (186 – 217 CE) succeeded to his father, [[Septimius Severus]] in 211 and reigned till 217 CE.
====Overview====
[[Caracalla]], the elder son of [[Septimius Severus]] succeeded to his father in 211 CE. He is remembered for the [[Constitutio Antoniniana]] which granted Roman citizenship to all free provincials as well as for the erection of the huge [[Baths of Caracalla]] in Rome. He was succeeded by [[Macrinus]], the praetorian prefect, who had him murdered in 217 CE.
====Early Career====
[[Lucius Septimius Bassianus]] was born at [[Lugdunum]] the son of [[Septimius Severus]] and of [[Julia Domna]] in 187 CE.  His father the future emperor [[Septimius Severus]], who stemmed from an equestrian family of African origin, had been elevated to the Senatorial rank by the Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]]. His mother [[Julia Domna]] was the daughter of [[Julius Bassianus]], the high priest of the sun god of [[Emesa]]. [[Lucius Septimius Geta]], his younger brother was born in 189 CE. When his father was acclaimed emperor by the legions of [[Pannonia]], he changed the name to his son to [[Marcus Aurelius Bassianus Antoninus]] to stress his connections to the [[Antonine]] dynasty, of which he saw himself as the political heir. [[Caracalla]], so nicknamed because he wore the caracalla, a hooded tunic of Gallic origin, was married to [[Fulvia Plautilla]], the daughter of [[Gaius Fulvius Plautianus]], the praetorian prefect. Together with his younger brother [[Geta]], [[Caracalla]] followed his father in the expedition in [[Britain]].
====Imperial Succession====
On his deathbed at [[Eboracum]] in 211 CE, [[Septimius Severus]] had his elder son [[Caracalla]] acclaimed emperor by the army, together with his brother [[Geta]]. For a whole year he remained in [[Britain]], campaigning against the hostile [[Caledonian]] tribes. Back in Rome, after various squabbles with his brother [[Geta]], he had him murdered in the hands of his mother [[Julia Domna]]. After the assassination, he ordered the Senate to declare a damnatio memoriae for his brother. [[Caracalla]] also had his wife, executed in the wake of persecutions against the alleged supporters of [[Geta]]. In 212 C.E., [[Caracalla]] published the [[Constitutio Antoniniana]], giving the Roman citizenship to all free provincials. It seems that the main reason was probably to increase the taxation. [[Caracalla]]’ main economic reform was the debasing of the silver content of the Roman [[denarius]] by 25%, and the introduction of the [[antoninianus]], a double denarius, in order to raise the pay of the legions to 675 denarii, and distribute them various bounties. At Rome, the reign of [[Caracalla]] was characterized by the erection of the huge [[Baths of Caracalla]]. In 213 CE, [[Caracalla]] went campaigning in the [[Agri Decumates]] in [[Germany]] against the [[Alamanni]]. The Germanic tribes were defeated, but no decisive victory was won. He was conferred by the Senate the title of [[Germanicus Maximus]]. In 214 CE, [[Caracalla]] left once more Rome for the East to open a campaign against [[Parthia]]. In 215 CE, while visiting [[Alexandria]], he was mocked by the locals as he claimed to have had his brother killed in self defense. [[Caracalla]] reacted having the leading citizens executed and the city looted and plundered for several days. In 217 CE, while campaigning against [[Parthia]] he was assassinated by [[Julius Martialis]], an officer in the imperial bodyguard. [[Caracalla]] was succeeded by [[Macrinus]], the Praetorian Prefect.
====Caracalla and the Jews====
The Life of Caracalla refers to the positive and friendly attitude of the future emperor, still heir to the throne to a playmate, who was a proselyte to Judaism (SHA, Antoninus Caracalla 1: 6). [[Caracalla]], together with his father, [[Septimius Severus]], confirmed laws regulating the participation of Jews in public offices, enacted during the later [[Antonines]] (Digesta 50.2.3.3.). It seems that when [[Caracalla]], in 212 C.E. enacted the [[Constitutio Antoniniana de Civitate]] the Jews were also included between those who benefited from the new law. In fact, before the [[Constitutio Antoniniana]], only the Jews who were Roman citizens were subjects to Roman law; however, once Roman citizenship was awarded to all peregrini, a concession, never officially recognized de jure, was made in favor of all the Jews in the Empire, by which they were allowed to retain some of the institutions of Jewish law. Thus, probably most of the Jews living in Roman Italy, who had the status of peregrini, received Roman citizenship, improving their status. [[Caracalla]] visited Palestine in 214 CE, and possibly he met the Jewish Patriarch [[Judah ha – Nasi]]. Rabbinic sources, which refer to [[Antoninus]] friend of [[Rabbi]], possibly refer to him. The city of [[Sepphoris]], where the Jewish [[Patriarch]] lived minted a medallion to celebrate the friendship with the emperor. 
== [[Caracalla]] in ancient sources==
== [[Caracalla]] in Scholarship==
== [[Caracalla]] in Fiction==
==Related categories==
*[[Roman Emperors]] / [[Caracalla]]
==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/  Caracalla Wikipedia]


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Latest revision as of 07:52, 17 March 2012

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