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'''Joshua ben Gamaliel''' (Jesus ben Gamla) was the Jewish High Priest in 63-64 CE, and one of the leaders of the anti-Zealot faction in Jerusalem during the Jewish revolt in 66-68 CE.
*DICTIONARY: see [[Joshua ben Gamaliel]]
*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Joshua ben Gamaliel (sources)]]


==Biography==
''Joshua ben Gamaliel'' was appointed High Priest by [[Herod Agrippa II]], succeeding [[Joshua ben Damnaeus]]. Both High Priests served under the Roman Governor [[Albinus]].


Under the tenure of Joshua ben Gamaliel, the work of construction of the Temple, iniziated in 20 BCE by [[Herod the Great]], came to completion. A crisis arose, since the 18,000 workers remained suddenly unemployed. Seeking new job, they petitioned to rebuild the eastern portico. [[Herod Agrippa II]] denied their request and instead employed them to pave the city of Jerusalem. The king also removed Joshua ben Gamaliel from office; it is not clear weather the decision was somehow related to the crisis or more likely, to the coming of the new Roman governor, [[Florus]].
'''List of scholarly and fictional works on [[Joshua ben Gamaliel]] (in chronological order).'''


Later Rabbinic sources add some interesting details to the biography of Joshua. According to the Mishnah (Yebam. 6:4), before becoming high priest Joshua betrothed Martha the widowed daughter of [[Boethus]], thus becoming part of that powerful family of High Priests. Talmudic sources claim that it was Martha, one of richest women in Jerusalem, who by bribing the king, secured for Joshua the office of the High Priest and a husband for herself (b. Yebam. 61a). On the other hand, the Babylonian Talmud praises Joshua for creating schools for boys over five years of age, "in each district and each town" (b. Bat. 21a).
[[Category:Categories]]
 
According to Josephus, Joshua ben Gamaliel played a major role at Jerusalem during the [[Jewish revolt]], where he joined another former High Priest, [[Ananus ben Ananus]], in leading the moderate and anti-Zealot faction of the rebellion. After the defeat of Cestius in 66 CE, members of the Jewish aristocracy (among whom Josephus reckoned himself) "partly by force, partly by persuasion" joined the rebellion. They had immediately to face the challenge by the more radical wing. In his autobiography Josephus refers to Joshua as "an intimate friend of mine" who even revealed Josephus a plot against him. Joshua supported [[Ananus ben Ananus|Ananus]] in the fight against the Zealots and with him shared the same destiny of death at the hands of the Idumeans.
 
==Joshua ben Gamaliel in ancient sources==
 
====Josephus, Jewish Antiquities====
 
Ant XX 9, 4 (213) -- ''Jesus, the son of Gamaliel, became the successor of Jesus, the son of Damnaeus, in the high priesthood.''
 
Ant XX 9, 7 (222)-- ''And now it was that the temple was finished... The workmen were unemployed, who were above eighteen thousand, and receiving no wages, were in want... [[Herod Agrippa II|King Agrippa]]... denied their request about [rebuilding the eastern cloisters]; but he did not obstruct them when they desired the city might be paved with white stone. He also deprived Jesus, the son of Gamaliel, of the high priesthood, and gave it to Matthias, the son of Theophilus.''
 
====Josephus, Jewish War====
Bel IV 3, 9 (160) -- ''The best esteemed also of the high priests, Jesus the son of Gamalas, and Ananus the son of Ananus when they were at their assemblies, bitterly reproached the people for their sloth, and excited them against the zealots...''
 
Bel IV 4, 3-6 (238) -- ''[3] ...Jesus, the eldest of the high priests next to Ananus, stood upon the tower that was over against them, and said thus: "Many troubles indeed, and those of various kinds, have fallen upon this city, yet in none of them have I so much wondered at her fortune as now, when you are come to assist wicked men, and this after a manner very extraordinary; for I see that you are come to support the vilest of men against us, and this with so great alacrity, as you could hardly put on the like, in case our metropolis had called you to her assistance against barbarians. And if I had perceived that your army was composed of men like unto those who invited them, I had not deemed your attempt so absurd; for nothing does so much cement the minds of men together as the alliance there is between their manners. But now for these men who have invited you, if you were to examine them one by one, every one of them would be found to have deserved ten thousand deaths; for the very rascality and offscouring of the whole country, who have spent in debauchery their own substance, and, by way of trial beforehand, have madly plundered the neighboring villages and cities, in the upshot of all, have privately run together into this holy city. They are robbers, who by their prodigious wickedness have profaned this most sacred floor, and who are to be now seen drinking themselves drunk in the sanctuary, and expending the spoils of those whom they have slaughtered upon their unsatiable bellies. As for the multitude that is with you, one may see them so decently adorned in their armor, as it would become them to be had their metropolis called them to her assistance against foreigners. What can a man call this procedure of yours but the sport of fortune, when he sees a whole nation coming to protect a sink of wicked wretches? I have for a good while been in doubt what it could possibly be that should move you to do this so suddenly; because certainly you would not take on your armor on the behalf of robbers, and against a people of kin to you, without some very great cause for your so doing. But we have an item that the Romans are pretended, and that we are supposed to be going to betray this city to them; for some of your men have lately made a clamor about those matters, and have said they are come to set their metropolis free. Now we cannot but admire at these wretches in their devising such a lie as this against us; for they knew there was no other way to irritate against us men that were naturally desirous of liberty, and on that account the best disposed to fight against foreign enemies, but by framing a tale as if we were going to betray that most desirable thing, liberty. But you ought to consider what sort of people they are that raise this calumny, and against what sort of people that calumny is raised, and to gather the truth of things, not by fictitious speeches, but out of the actions of both parties; for what occasion is there for us to sell ourselves to the Romans, while it was in our power not to have revolted from them at the first, or when we had once revolted, to have returned under their dominion again, and this while the neighboring countries were not yet laid waste? whereas it is not an easy thing to be reconciled to the Romans, if we were desirous of it, now they have subdued Galilee, and are thereby become proud and insolent; and to endeavor to please them at the time when they are so near us, would bring such a reproach upon us as were worse than death. As for myself, indeed, I should have preferred peace with them before death; but now we have once made war upon them, and fought with them, I prefer death, with reputation, before living in captivity under them. But further, whether do they pretend that we, who are the rulers of the people, have sent thus privately to the Romans, or hath it been done by the common suffrages of the people? If it be ourselves only that have done it, let them name those friends of ours that have been sent, as our servants, to manage this treachery. Hath any one been caught as he went out on this errand, or seized upon as he came back? Are they in possession of our letters? How could we be concealed from such a vast number of our fellow citizens, among whom we are conversant every hour, while what is done privately in the country is, it seems, known by the zealots, who are but few in number, and under confinement also, and are not able to come out of the temple into the city. Is this the first time that they are become sensible how they ought to be punished for their insolent actions? For while these men were free from the fear they are now under, there was no suspicion raised that any of us were traitors. But if they lay this charge against the people, this must have been done at a public consultation, and not one of the people must have dissented from the rest of the assembly; in which case the public fame of this matter would have come to you sooner than any particular indication. But how could that be? Must there not then have been ambassadors sent to confirm the agreements? And let them tell us who this ambassador was that was ordained for that purpose. But this is no other than a pretense of such men as are loath to die, and are laboring to escape those punishments that hang over them; for if fate had determined that this city was to be betrayed into its enemies' hands, no other than these men that accuse us falsely could have the impudence to do it, there being no wickedness wanting to complete their impudent practices but this only, that they become traitors. And now you Idumeans are come hither already with your arms, it is your duty, in the first place, to be assisting to your metropolis, and to join with us in cutting off those tyrants that have infringed the rules of our regular tribunals, that have trampled upon our laws, and made their swords the arbitrators of right and wrong; for they have seized upon men of great eminence, and under no accusation, as they stood in the midst of the market-place, and tortured them with putting them into bonds, and, without bearing to hear what they had to say, or what supplications they made, they destroyed them. You may, if you please, come into the city, though not in the way of war, and take a view of the marks still remaining of what I now say, and may see the houses that have been depopulated by their rapacious hands, with those wives and families that are in black, mourning for their slaughtered relations; as also you may hear their groans and lamentations all the city over; for there is nobody but hath tasted of the incursions of these profane wretches, who have proceeded to that degree of madness, as not only to have transferred their impudent robberies out of the country, and the remote cities, into this city, the very face and head of the whole nation, but out of the city into the temple also; for that is now made their receptacle and refuge, and the fountain-head whence their preparations are made against us. And this place, which is adored by the habitable world, and honored by such as only know it by report, as far as the ends of the earth, is trampled upon by these wild beasts born among ourselves. They now triumph in the desperate condition they are already in, when they hear that one people is going to fight against another people, and one city against another city, and that your nation hath gotten an army together against its own bowels. Instead of which procedure, it were highly fit and reasonable, as I said before, for you to join with us in cutting off these wretches, and in particular to be revenged on them for putting this very cheat upon you; I mean, for having the impudence to invite you to assist them, of whom they ought to have stood in fear, as ready to punish them. But if you have some regard to these men's invitation of you, yet may you lay aside your arms, and come into the city under the notion of our kindred, and take upon you a middle name between that of auxiliaries and of enemies, and so become judges in this case. However, consider what these men will gain by being called into judgment before you, for such undeniable and such flagrant crimes, who would not vouchsafe to hear such as had no accusations laid against them to speak a word for themselves. However, let them gain this advantage by your coming. But still, if you will neither take our part in that indignation we have at these men, nor judge between us, the third thing I have to propose is this, that you let us both alone, and neither insult upon our calamities, nor abide with these plotters against their metropolis; for though you should have ever so great a suspicion that some of us have discoursed with the Romans, it is in your power to watch the passages into the city; and in case any thing that we have been accused of is brought to light, then to come and defend your metropolis, and to inflict punishment on those that are found guilty; for the enemy cannot prevent you who are so near to the city. But if, after all, none of these proposals seem acceptable and moderate, do not you wonder that the gates are shut against you, while you bear your arms about you." [4] Thus spake Jesus; yet did not the multitude of the Idumeans give any attention to what he said, but were in a rage, because they did not meet with a ready entrance into the city... [5] ...Jesus went away sorrowful, as seeing that the Idumeans were against all moderate counsels, and that the city was besieged on both sides...''
 
Bel IV 5, 2 (316) -- ''But the rage of the Idumeans was not satiated by these slaughters; but they now betook themselves to the city, and plundered every house, and slew every one they met; and for the other multitude, they esteemed it needless to go on with killing them, but they sought for the high priests, and the generality went with the greatest zeal against them; and as soon as they caught them they slew them, and then standing upon their dead bodies, in way of jest, upbraided Ananus with his kindness to the people, and Jesus with his speech made to them from the wall. Nay, they proceeded to that degree of impiety, as to cast away their dead bodies without burial, although the Jews used to take so much care of the burial of men, that they took down those that were condemned and crucified, and buried them before the going down of the sun. I should not mistake if I said that the death of Ananus was the beginning of the destruction of the city, and that from this very day may be dated the overthrow of her wall, and the ruin of her affairs, whereon they saw their high priest, and the procurer of their preservation, slain in the midst of their city.... Jesus was joined with him; and although he was inferior to him upon the comparison, he was superior to the rest; and I cannot but think that it was because God had doomed this city to destruction, as a polluted city, and was resolved to purge his sanctuary by fire, that he cut off these their great defenders and well-wishers, while those that a little before had worn the sacred garments, and had presided over the public worship; and had been esteemed venerable by those that dwelt on the whole habitable earth when they came into our city, were cast out naked, and seen to be the food of dogs and wild beasts. And I cannot but imagine that virtue itself groaned at these men's case, and lamented that she was here so terribly conquered by wickedness. And this at last was the end of Ananus and Jesus.''
 
====Josephus, Life====
Vita 38 (193) -- ''[At the instigation of [[John of Gischala]], Simon the son of Gamaliel... persuaded the high priests, Ananus, and Jesus the son of Gamala, and some others of the same seditious faction, to cut me down, now I was growing so great...''
 
Vita 41 (204) -- ''My father wrote me an account of this, for Jesus the son of Gamala, who was present in that council, a friend and companion of mine, told him of it...''
 
==Joshua ben Gamaliel in Scholarship==
 
====References====
*High Priests and Politics in Roman Palestine / [[E. Mary Smallwood]] / JTS 13 (1962) / pp.14-34
*High Priests and the Politics of Roman Palestine / [[Richard A. Horsley]] / JSJ 17 (1986) / pp.23-55
*The Jewish Leadership in Jerusalem in the First Part of the Great Revolt (66-68 BE) / [[Uriel Rappaport]] / [[The Congregation of Israel (2001 Gafni), edited volume]] / pp.75-83 <Hebrew>
*[[From Joshua to Caiaphas (2004 VanderKam), book]] / pp.483-487
 
==Joshua ben Gamaliel in Fiction==
 
==Related categories==
*[[High Priests]] / [[:Category:Ananus ben Ananus (subject)|Ananus ben Ananus (subject)]]
*[[:Category:Herod Agrippa II (subject)|Herod Agrippa II (subject)]]
 
==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamaliel Wikipedia]
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=550&letter=J&search=Jesus%20ben%20Gamla Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)]
 
[[Category:Subjects]]
[[Category:People]]

Revision as of 21:34, 21 October 2011


List of scholarly and fictional works on Joshua ben Gamaliel (in chronological order).

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