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| '''Stephen''' (1st century CE) was a Hellenistic Jew, one of the leaders of the nascent Christian movement, recorded as the first martyr of the Church.
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| ==Stephen in ancient sources==
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| Stephen is mentioned only in Christian sources, namely, in the Acts of Apostles.
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| ====Stephen the deacon====
| | '''Stephen''' (1st century CE) was a leader of the nascent Christian movement, the head of the [[Seven Deacons]] and the first recorded martyr of the Church. |
| Stephen is introduced as the leader of the Hellenistic Jews chosen by the Twelve to serve the Christian "Hellenists" who felt "their widows had been neglected in the daily distribution of food." Nothing is said about the biography of Stephen, except that he was "a man full of faith and the Holy Spirit".
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| ''"[6:1] Now during those days, when the disciples were increasing in number, the Hellenists complained against the Hebrews because their widows were being neglected in the daily distribution of food. [2] And the twelve called together the whole community of the disciples and said, ‘It is not right that we should neglect the word of God in order to wait at tables. [3] Therefore, friends, select from among yourselves seven men of good standing, full of the Spirit and of wisdom, whom we may appoint to this task, [4] while we, for our part, will devote ourselves to prayer and to serving the word.’ [5] What they said pleased the whole community, and they chose '''Stephen''', a man full of faith and the Holy Spirit, together with Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolaus, a proselyte of Antioch. [6] They had these men stand before the apostles, who prayed and laid their hands on them (Acts 6:1-6 NRSV)'' | | < ''Events'' : [[Birth of Stephen]] -- [[Choice of the Seven]] -- [[Preaching of Stephen]] -- [[Martyrdom of Stephen]] -- [[Burial of Stephen]] -- [[Relics of Stephen]] > |
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| ====Stephen the martyr====
| | < [[Acts of Apostles]] -- [[Paul of Tarsus]] -- [[Seven Deacons]] > |
| The Acts of Apostles (6:8-8:3) provides a long and detailed narrative about the martyrdom of Stephen. He was accused by some Hellenistic Jews of "speaking blasphemous words against Moses and God" (6:11). They brought him before the Sanhedrin. Before the high priest, Stephen replied to his accusers with a long speech. He enraged them by reproaching them for the death of Jesus. When Stephen claimed to see "the glory of God and Jesus," and called Jesus "the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God... they covered their ears, and with a loud shout all rushed together against him. [58] Then they dragged him out of the city and began to stone him." Stephen was buried by "devout people" (8:2). Acts claims that a violent persecution followed against the Christian Hellenists (while the Twelve were not affected) (8:1-3).
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| Acts of Apostles - ''"[6:8]'''Stephen''', full of grace and power, did great wonders and signs among the people. [9] Then some of those who belonged to the synagogue of the Freedmen (as it was called), Cyrenians, Alexandrians, and others of those from Cilicia and Asia, stood up and argued with Stephen. [10] But they could not withstand the wisdom and the Spirit with which he spoke. [11] Then they secretly instigated some men to say, ‘We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses and God.’ [12] They stirred up the people as well as the elders and the scribes; then they suddenly confronted him, seized him, and brought him before the council. [13] They set up false witnesses who said, ‘This man never stops saying things against this holy place and the law; [14] for we have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth* will destroy this place and will change the customs that Moses handed on to us.’ [15] And all who sat in the council looked intently at him, and they saw that his face was like the face of an angel.''
| | < ''Fiction'' : [[Stephen (art)]] -- [[Stephen (cinema)]] -- [[Stephen (literature)]] -- [[Stephen (music)]] > |
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| ''[7:1] Then the high priest asked him, ‘Are these things so?’ [2] And Stephen replied: ‘Brothers and fathers, listen to me. The God of glory appeared to our ancestor Abraham when he was in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Haran, [3] and said to him, “Leave your country and your relatives and go to the land that I will show you.” [4] Then he left the country of the Chaldeans and settled in Haran. After his father died, God had him move from there to this country in which you are now living. [5] He did not give him any of it as a heritage, not even a foot’s length, but promised to give it to him as his possession and to his descendants after him, even though he had no child. [6] And God spoke in these terms, that his descendants would be resident aliens in a country belonging to others, who would enslave them and maltreat them for four hundred years. [7] “But I will judge the nation that they serve,” said God, “and after that they shall come out and worship me in this place.” [8] Then he gave him the covenant of circumcision. And so Abraham became the father of Isaac and circumcised him on the eighth day; and Isaac became the father of Jacob, and Jacob of the twelve patriarchs. [9] ‘The patriarchs, jealous of Joseph, sold him into Egypt; but God was with him, [10] and rescued him from all his afflictions, and enabled him to win favour and to show wisdom when he stood before Pharaoh, king of Egypt, who appointed him ruler over Egypt and over all his household. [11] Now there came a famine throughout Egypt and Canaan, and great suffering, and our ancestors could find no food. [12] But when Jacob heard that there was grain in Egypt, he sent our ancestors there on their first visit. [13] On the second visit Joseph made himself known to his brothers, and Joseph’s family became known to Pharaoh. [14] Then Joseph sent and invited his father Jacob and all his relatives to come to him, seventy-five in all; [15] so Jacob went down to Egypt. He himself died there as well as our ancestors, [16] and their bodies* were brought back to Shechem and laid in the tomb that Abraham had bought for a sum of silver from the sons of Hamor in Shechem. [17] ‘But as the time drew near for the fulfilment of the promise that God had made to Abraham, our people in Egypt increased and multiplied [18] until another king who had not known Joseph ruled over Egypt. [19] He dealt craftily with our race and forced our ancestors to abandon their infants so that they would die. [20] At this time Moses was born, and he was beautiful before God. For three months he was brought up in his father’s house; [21] and when he was abandoned, Pharaoh’s daughter adopted him and brought him up as her own son. [22] So Moses was instructed in all the wisdom of the Egyptians and was powerful in his words and deeds. [23] ‘When he was forty years old, it came into his heart to visit his relatives, the Israelites. [24] When he saw one of them being wronged, he defended the oppressed man and avenged him by striking down the Egyptian. [25] He supposed that his kinsfolk would understand that God through him was rescuing them, but they did not understand. [26] The next day he came to some of them as they were quarrelling and tried to reconcile them, saying, “Men, you are brothers; why do you wrong each other?” [27] But the man who was wronging his neighbour pushed Moses* aside, saying, “Who made you a ruler and a judge over us? [28] Do you want to kill me as you killed the Egyptian yesterday?” [29] When he heard this, Moses fled and became a resident alien in the land of Midian. There he became the father of two sons. [30] ‘Now when forty years had passed, an angel appeared to him in the wilderness of Mount Sinai, in the flame of a burning bush. [31] When Moses saw it, he was amazed at the sight; and as he approached to look, there came the voice of the Lord: [32] “I am the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.” Moses began to tremble and did not dare to look. [33] Then the Lord said to him, “Take off the sandals from your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy ground. [34] I have surely seen the mistreatment of my people who are in Egypt and have heard their groaning, and I have come down to rescue them. Come now, I will send you to Egypt.” [35] ‘It was this Moses whom they rejected when they said, “Who made you a ruler and a judge?” and whom God now sent as both ruler and liberator through the angel who appeared to him in the bush. [36] He led them out, having performed wonders and signs in Egypt, at the Red Sea, and in the wilderness for forty years. [37] This is the Moses who said to the Israelites, “God will raise up a prophet for you from your own people* as he raised me up.” [38] He is the one who was in the congregation in the wilderness with the angel who spoke to him at Mount Sinai, and with our ancestors; and he received living oracles to give to us. [39]Our ancestors were unwilling to obey him; instead, they pushed him aside, and in their hearts they turned back to Egypt, [40] saying to Aaron, “Make gods for us who will lead the way for us; as for this Moses who led us out from the land of Egypt, we do not know what has happened to him.” [41] At that time they made a calf, offered a sacrifice to the idol, and revelled in the works of their hands. [42] But God turned away from them and handed them over to worship the host of heaven, as it is written in the book of the prophets:''
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| ''“Did you offer to me slain victims and sacrifices for forty years in the wilderness, O house of Israel? [43] No; you took along the tent of Moloch, and the star of your god Rephan, the images that you made to worship; so I will remove you beyond Babylon.”''
| | ==Overview== |
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| ''[44] ‘Our ancestors had the tent of testimony in the wilderness, as God* directed when he spoke to Moses, ordering him to make it according to the pattern he had seen. [45] Our ancestors in turn brought it in with Joshua when they dispossessed the nations that God drove out before our ancestors. And it was there until the time of David, [46] who found favour with God and asked that he might find a dwelling-place for the house of Jacob.* [47] But it was Solomon who built a house for him. [48] Yet the Most High does not dwell in houses made by human hands;* as the prophet says,''
| | Stephen was an Hellenistic Jew who joined the early Jesus movement after the death of Jesus. |
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| ''[49] “Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool. What kind of house will you build for me, says the Lord, or what is the place of my rest? [50] Did not my hand make all these things?”''
| | Stephen is mentioned solely in Christian sources, namely, in the [[Acts of Apostles]]. He is introduced as the leader of the [[Seven Deacons]] chosen by the [[Twelve Apostles]] to serve the Christian "Hellenists" (Hellenistic Jewish members of the Jesus movement) who felt "their widows had been neglected in the daily distribution of food." Nothing is said about the biography of Stephen, except that he was "a man full of faith and the Holy Spirit". See [[Choice of the Seven]]. |
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| ''[51] ‘You stiff-necked people, uncircumcised in heart and ears, you are for ever opposing the Holy Spirit, just as your ancestors used to do. 52Which of the prophets did your ancestors not persecute? They killed those who foretold the coming of the Righteous One, and now you have become his betrayers and murderers. 53You are the ones that received the law as ordained by angels, and yet you have not kept it.’''
| | Stephen was then accused by some other Hellenistic Jews of "speaking blasphemous words against Moses and God" (6:11). They brought him before the Sanhedrin. Before the high priest, Stephen replied to his accusers with a long speech. He enraged them by reproaching them for the death of Jesus. When Stephen claimed to see "the glory of God and Jesus," and called Jesus "the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God... they covered their ears, and with a loud shout all rushed together against him. [58] Then they dragged him out of the city and began to stone him." Stephen was buried by "devout people" (8:2). Acts claims that a violent persecution followed against the Christian Hellenists (while the Twelve and the Hebrews were not affected) (8:1-3). |
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| ''[54] When they heard these things, they became enraged and ground their teeth at Stephen.* [55] But filled with the Holy Spirit, he gazed into heaven and saw the glory of God and Jesus standing at the right hand of God. [56] ‘Look,’ he said, ‘I see the heavens opened and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God!’ [57] But they covered their ears, and with a loud shout all rushed together against him. [58] Then they dragged him out of the city and began to stone him; and the witnesses laid their coats at the feet of a young man named Saul. [59] While they were stoning Stephen, he prayed, ‘Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.’ [60] Then he knelt down and cried out in a loud voice, ‘Lord, do not hold this sin against them.’ When he had said this, he died.''
| | Acts claims that [[:Category:Paul of Tarsus (subject)|Paul of Tarsus]] was present at the stoning of Stephen and approved it, and was involved in the persecution of the Christian Hellenists that followed the death of Stephen. |
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| ''[8:1] And Saul approved of their killing him. That day a severe persecution began against the church in Jerusalem, and all except the apostles were scattered throughout the countryside of Judea and Samaria. [2] Devout men buried Stephen and made loud lamentation over him. [3] But Saul was ravaging the church by entering house after house; dragging off both men and women, he committed them to prison (Acts 6:8-8:3 NRSV).''
| | Undoubtedly Stephen played an important role in the development of the nascent Christian movement, although the paucity of evidence makes an historical reconstruction of this figure extremely difficult. |
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| ====Stephen and Paul of Tarsus==== | | ====Stephen in later Christian tradition==== |
| Acts claims that [[:Category:Paul of Tarsus (subject)|Paul of Tarsus]] was present at the stoning of Stephen and approved it, and was involved in the persecution of the Christian Hellenists that followed the death of Stephen.
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| | Epiphanius (Haer. xx, 4) numbers Stephen among the seventy disciples. |
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| | In 415 CE a certain priest named Lucian claimed to have learned by revelation that the remains of Stephen were in Caphar Gamala, some distance to the north of Jerusalem. The relics were then exhumed and carried first to the church of Mount Sion, then, in 460, to the chapel erected by Eudocia outside the Damascus Gate, on the spot where, according to tradition, the stoning had taken place. The chapel was destroyed during the Persian invasion in 615 and rebuilt in 638, then enlarged by the Crusaders to be eventually destroyed when Saladin conquered Jerusalem in 1187. In 1900 a new edifice was erected by the Dominican Fathers on the old foundations on the Eudocian and Crusader basilica. |
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| | In the 13th century, Jacobus de Voragine's ''Legenda Aurea'' offered a detailed legendary narrative of the life and martyrdom of [[Stephen]], supplementing the scarce data from the [[Acts of Apostles]]. |
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| | == Stephen, in ancient sources == |
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| | * [[Stephen (sources)]] |
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| | == Stephen, in the literature & the arts == |
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| | <gallery> |
| | File:Stephen Giotto.jpg|[[St. Stephen (1325 Giotto), art]] |
| | File:Stephen Crivelli.jpg|[[St. Stephen (1??? Crivelli), art]] |
| | File:Stephen Ghirlandaio.jpg|[[St. Stephen (1494 Ghirlandaio), art]] |
| | File:Stephen Zanale.jpg|[[St Stephen (1507 Zenale), art]] |
| | </gallery> |
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| | The [[Stoning of Stephen]] was the most popular scene in Christian iconography, depicted by artists such us [[Lorenzo Lotto]], [[Rembrandt]], [[Peter Paul Rubens]], and many others. Other scenes, taken from the ''Legenda Aurea'', such as the [[Birth of Stephen]], the [[Consecration of Stephen]], the [[Preaching of Stephen]] and the [[Burial of Stephen]], are more seldom attested. [[Filippo Lippi]] and [[Vittore Carpaccio]] offer the most conspicuous examples of visual narratives of the life of Stephen. |
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| | At the end of the 19th century, [[Stephen: A Soldier of the Cross (1896 Kingsley), novel]] offers the first example of modern fictional biography of Stephen and signals a shift of interest from the martyrdom to his life. |
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| | * See [[Stephen (arts)]] |
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| | == Stephen in scholarship == |
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| ''Acts of the Apostles - [7:58] They dragged [Stephen] out of the city and began to stone him; and the witnesses laid their coats at the feet of a young man named Saul... [8:1] And Saul approved of their killing him. That day a severe persecution began against the church in Jerusalem, and all except the apostles were scattered throughout the countryside of Judea and Samaria... [3] Saul was ravaging the church by entering house after house; dragging off both men and women, he committed them to prison (Acts 7:58-8:3 NRSV).''
| | * [[Stephen (research)]] |
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| ''Acts of the Apostles - "[Paul said:] "When the blood of Stephen your witness was being shed, I myself was standing by and approving and watching over the garments of those who killed him" (Acts 22:20).
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| ====Stephen in later Christian tradition====
| | *[[Paul of Tarsus]] |
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| Epiphanius (Haer. xx, 4) numbers Stephen among the seventy disciples.
| | ==External links== |
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| Accordig to a fifth-century tradition the name Stephanos was only a Greek equivalent for the Aramaic ''Kelil''.
| | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen Wikipedia] |
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| In 415 CE a certain priest named Lucian claimed to have learned by revelation that the remains of Stephen were in Caphar Gamala, some distance to the north of Jerusalem. The relics were then exhumed and carried first to the church of Mount Sion, then, in 460, to the basilica erected by Eudocia outside the Damascus Gate, on the spot where, according to tradition, the stoning had taken place. In recent years a new edifice has been erected by the Dominican Fathers on the old foundations on the Eudocian basilica.
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| ==Stephen in Scholarship==
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| The Stoning of St. Stephen is a popular scene in Christian iconography, depicted by artists such us [[Carpaccio]], [[Lorenzo Lotti]], [[Rembrandt]], [[Peter Paul Rubens]], and others. At the end of the 19th century, [[Stephen: A Soldier of the Cross (1896 Kingsley), novel]] offers the first example of novel having Stephen as protagonist. The interest shifts from the martyrdom to the life of Stephen.
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| ==Stephen in Fiction==
| | [[Category:Index (database)]] |
| | [[Category:People (database)]] |
Stephen (1st century CE) was a leader of the nascent Christian movement, the head of the Seven Deacons and the first recorded martyr of the Church.
< Events : Birth of Stephen -- Choice of the Seven -- Preaching of Stephen -- Martyrdom of Stephen -- Burial of Stephen -- Relics of Stephen >
< Acts of Apostles -- Paul of Tarsus -- Seven Deacons >
< Fiction : Stephen (art) -- Stephen (cinema) -- Stephen (literature) -- Stephen (music) >
Overview
Stephen was an Hellenistic Jew who joined the early Jesus movement after the death of Jesus.
Stephen is mentioned solely in Christian sources, namely, in the Acts of Apostles. He is introduced as the leader of the Seven Deacons chosen by the Twelve Apostles to serve the Christian "Hellenists" (Hellenistic Jewish members of the Jesus movement) who felt "their widows had been neglected in the daily distribution of food." Nothing is said about the biography of Stephen, except that he was "a man full of faith and the Holy Spirit". See Choice of the Seven.
Stephen was then accused by some other Hellenistic Jews of "speaking blasphemous words against Moses and God" (6:11). They brought him before the Sanhedrin. Before the high priest, Stephen replied to his accusers with a long speech. He enraged them by reproaching them for the death of Jesus. When Stephen claimed to see "the glory of God and Jesus," and called Jesus "the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God... they covered their ears, and with a loud shout all rushed together against him. [58] Then they dragged him out of the city and began to stone him." Stephen was buried by "devout people" (8:2). Acts claims that a violent persecution followed against the Christian Hellenists (while the Twelve and the Hebrews were not affected) (8:1-3).
Acts claims that Paul of Tarsus was present at the stoning of Stephen and approved it, and was involved in the persecution of the Christian Hellenists that followed the death of Stephen.
Undoubtedly Stephen played an important role in the development of the nascent Christian movement, although the paucity of evidence makes an historical reconstruction of this figure extremely difficult.
Stephen in later Christian tradition
Epiphanius (Haer. xx, 4) numbers Stephen among the seventy disciples.
In 415 CE a certain priest named Lucian claimed to have learned by revelation that the remains of Stephen were in Caphar Gamala, some distance to the north of Jerusalem. The relics were then exhumed and carried first to the church of Mount Sion, then, in 460, to the chapel erected by Eudocia outside the Damascus Gate, on the spot where, according to tradition, the stoning had taken place. The chapel was destroyed during the Persian invasion in 615 and rebuilt in 638, then enlarged by the Crusaders to be eventually destroyed when Saladin conquered Jerusalem in 1187. In 1900 a new edifice was erected by the Dominican Fathers on the old foundations on the Eudocian and Crusader basilica.
In the 13th century, Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda Aurea offered a detailed legendary narrative of the life and martyrdom of Stephen, supplementing the scarce data from the Acts of Apostles.
Stephen, in ancient sources
Stephen, in the literature & the arts
The Stoning of Stephen was the most popular scene in Christian iconography, depicted by artists such us Lorenzo Lotto, Rembrandt, Peter Paul Rubens, and many others. Other scenes, taken from the Legenda Aurea, such as the Birth of Stephen, the Consecration of Stephen, the Preaching of Stephen and the Burial of Stephen, are more seldom attested. Filippo Lippi and Vittore Carpaccio offer the most conspicuous examples of visual narratives of the life of Stephen.
At the end of the 19th century, Stephen: A Soldier of the Cross (1896 Kingsley), novel offers the first example of modern fictional biography of Stephen and signals a shift of interest from the martyrdom to his life.
Stephen in scholarship
Related categories
External links
