Category:OT Apocrypha (subject)

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The Old Testament Apocrypha, or Deutocanonici is a Christian collection generated in the 16th century to denote a certain group of Second Temple Texts not included in the Hebrew Bible and in the Protestant Canon but deemed "canonical" by the Roman Catholic Church since they were preserved in the Vulgate. Their canonicity is disputed among Christians.

Deuterocanonical = Book of Tobit / Book of Judith / Esther Additions / Wisdom of Solomon / Book of Sirach / 1 Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah / Daniel Additions (Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Children; Susanna; Bel and the Dragon) / 1 Maccabees / 2 Maccabees

3 Ezra (1 Esdras) -- 4 Ezra (2 Esdras) -- Prayer of Manasseh -- Psalm 151 -- 3 Maccabees

Overview

The corpus of the OT Apocrypha or Deuterocanici (Tobit, Judith, Ben Sira, Wisdom of Solomon, 1-2 Maccabees, Baruch, plus the additions to Daniel and Esther) owes its existence to the polemics of the Reformation era and was sanctioned by the Council of Trent in 1546.

The Protestant reformers acknowledged only the books also found in the Rabbinic Canon or Hebrew Bible as inspired scripture in the Old Testament. The Council of Trent reacted by affirming the larger canon of the traditional Roman Catholic Church, based on the Latin Vulgate: “If any one receive not, as sacred and canonical, the said books entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church and as they are contained in the old Latin Vulgate . . . let him be anathema.”

Both groups could claim the authority of Jerome who in 390-405 had translated into Latin the 44 books listed by the the Councils of Hippo (339 CE) and Carthage (397 CE). Following the principle of Hebraica veritas he shared with Athanasius, Jerome in his prefaces made a distinction between the texts also present in the Hebrew Bible and the additional books which he labeled "apocryphal". The Protestant interpreted strictly the principle of Hebraica veritas enunciated by Jerome, while the Tridentine Fathers relied on a long if not entirely consistent tradition of interpreters, including Augustine, which had came to consider "canonical" also Jerome's "apocryphal" books. The Tridentine canon was identical to the list issued by the Council of Hippo (339 CE), except that the Council Fathers appear to have misunderstood the meaning of 1 and 2 Esdras, which they identified as the proto-canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah with the exclusion of 2 Esdras (=4 Ezra).

This different approach resulted in a different treatment of the material within the Protestant and the Catholic tradition.

The first Protestant collection of OT Apocrypha by Taverner in 1549 published as a separated corpus texts originally printed as part of the Old Testament (from the 1939 Taverner's Bible) and included the apocalyptic 4 Ezra

On the other hand, the major Roman Catholic commentary of the 16th century, the Biblioteca Magna by Sixtus of Siena included these texts (with the exception of 4 Ezra) in the Old Testament, only by giving them the label of deuterocanonici in recognition of the fact that their canonicity was disputed.

While the Protestant tradition downplayed the religious importance of the OT Apocrypha, the Catholic tradition saw in them the canonical foundation of some distinctive Catholic doctrines such as the legitimacy of Church's property (see Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple) or the practice of intercession for the dead (see Judas' Prayer for the Dead).

This distinction in the treatment of the material within the Protestant and Catholic traditions has shaped the foundations of modern research; see OT Apocrypha Studies.

One of the first major consequences of the birth of the corpus of the OT Apocrypha / Deuterocanonici was the gradual emergence (since the beginning of the 18th century) of the companion corpus of the OT Pseudepigrapha (which Catholics called OT Apocrypha) to collect all the many other ancient books that before the 16th century had shared with the OT Apocryphal texts the same destiny of being at the fringes of the ancient Jewish and Christian canons.

The Canonical Status OT Apocryphal Texts before the 16th century

Before the 16th century the OT Apocrypha or Deutocanonici did not exist as a distinctive corpus, but were part of a "gray area" made of a larger amount of books that were more or less authoritative, or authoritative for some Second Temple Jews but not for others, and then for some Christians but not for others. Like many other texts now in the OT Pseudepigrapha, the texts now in the OT Apocrypha were at the fringes of ancient Jewish and Christian canons, sometimes being considered authoritative, sometimes rejected. As they did not exist as a distinctive group any discussion must be