Welcome to 4 Enoch: The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism (Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Origins) -- International Research, Scholarship & Fiction, from the 15th century to the present

Enter the General Index (here) to see the contents of the Encyclopedia; and search our Database (here) which includes more than 8,000 abstracts of Scholarly and Fictional Works, and 3,000 biographies of Scholars and Authors, from the late 15th century to the present .

---

NEWS -- The Enoch Seminar is now a group on Facebook. Everybody is welcome to join the group!

NEWS -- The fourth meeting of the Enoch Graduate Seminar will be held June 18-20, 2012 on the campus of the University of Notre Dame, chaired by Prof. James C. VanderKam. The abstract should be sent to the secretary of the Conference, Isaac Oliver <ioliver@umich.edu>, no later than December 15, 2011. For more details, see Enoch Graduate Seminar.

---

The Encyclopedia offers a comprehensive and authoritative introduction to scholarly research in Second Temple Judaism and Christian Origins, i.e. from Ezekiel to the completion of the New Testament and the Mishnah. With more than 12,000 pages, "4 Enoch" provides a comprehensive WHO's WHO of the period, as well as BIOGRAPHIES of Scholars and Authors, and ABSTRACTS of scholarly and fictional Works, authored from the mid-15th century to the present, all around the world. Still a work in progress, the Encyclopedia is the collective work of international specialists in the field.

---

4 Enoch: The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism and Christian Origins is an academic project of the Enoch Seminar, created in 2009 by Gabriele Boccaccini (University of Michigan, USA), in collaboration with the late Hanan Eshel (Bar-Ilan University, Israel), Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Princeton Theological Seminary, USA), and Carlos A. Segovia (Camilo José Cela University, Spain). The current Board of Directors of the Enoch Seminar includes: Gabriele Boccaccini (chair), Kelley Coblentz Bautch, Matthias Henze, Pierluigi Piovanelli, Carlos A. Segovia, and Loren T. Stuckenbruck.

---

Funds for the Enoch Seminar are provided by the Alessandro Nangeroni International Endowment, the Michigan Center for Early Christian Studies, the Department of Near Eastern Studies of the University of Michigan and the Frankel Center for Judaic Studies.

History

Born as a bibliography in the early 1990s and developed as a database in the 2000s, 4 Enoch has been made freely accessible online in wiki-format since August 2009. It now includes more than 1,000 encyclopedic entries, 8,000 abstracts of scholarly and fictional works, 3,000 biographies of scholars and authors, from the 15th century to the present...

For more details on the website, see About 4 Enoch. To register and contribute, go to Community Portal.

2011-12 Editorial Board

• Gabriele Boccaccini, Editor-in-chief
• Carlos A. Segovia, Associate Editor and Chair of the Board (in charge for SPANISH scholarship)
  • Daniel Assefa, Capuchin Franciscan Institute of Philosophy and Theology, Addis Abeba (in charge for ETHIOPIC scholarship)
  • Florentina Badalanova-Geller, Freie-Universität Berlin, Germany (in charge for BULGARIAN and SERBO-CROATIAN scholarship)
  • Emmanouela Grypeou, University of Oxford, England (in charge for GREEK scholarship)
  • Paul Kim, Methdist Theological School, OH (in charge for KOREAN scholarship)
  • Ludmila Navtanovich, St Petersburg, Russia (in charge for RUSSIAN scholarship)
  • Rivka Nir, Open University of Israel (in charge for ISRAELI scholarship)
  • Mika Pajunen, University of Helsinki, Finland (in charge for FINNISH scholarship)
  • Stephane Saulnier, Newman University (in charge for FRENCH scholarship)
  • Carla Sulzbach, McGill University, Canada (in charge for DUTCH scholarship)
  • Alexander Toepel, University of Tübingen, Germany (in charge for GERMAN scholarship)
  • Cecilia Wassen, University of Uppsala, Sweden (in charge for SWEDISH scholarship)
  • Géza G. Xeravits, Sapientia Theological College, Budapest, Hungary (in charge for HUNGARIAN scholarship)

Contents

To visit the website, click (below) the corresponding categories or use the search command (on the left):

(1) Dictionary

(a) GENERAL INDEX (900+)

People

• Babylonian Kings / Persian Kings / Ptolemaic Kings / Seleucid Kings / Nabatean Kings / Roman Emperors / Roman Governors of Syria / Roman Governors of Judea
• Davidic Kings / High Priests / Zadokites / Tobiads / Hasmoneans / Herodians / Messiah Claimants
• Sadducees / Pharisees / Essenes / Zealots / Early Christians / Tannaim
• Greek and Latin Authors

• Bar Kokhba -- Barabbas -- Berenice -- Herod the Great -- Jesus of Nazareth -- John the Baptist -- Josephus -- Judas Iscariot -- Judas Maccabeus -- Judith -- Mary Magdalene -- Paul of Tarsus -- Peter -- Pilate -- Salome -- etc.

Places

• Alexandria of Egypt -- Antioch of Syria -- Caesarea Maritima -- Caesarea Philippi -- Capernaum -- Jerusalem -- Masada -- Rome -- Sepphoris -- Tiberias -- etc.

Topics

• Angels & Demons -- Apocalypticism -- Archaeology -- Calendar -- Christology -- Devil -- Eschatology -- Essenism -- Gnosticism -- Historical Jesus -- Messianism -- Monotheism -- Mysticism -- Parting of the Ways -- Pharisaism -- Sadduceism -- Sexuality -- Son of David -- Son of God -- Son of Man -- Women -- etc.

Events

• Babylonian Period -- Restoration -- Persian Period -- Samaritan Schism -- Greek Period -- Maccabean Revolt -- Roman Period -- Preaching of Jesus -- Preaching of Paul -- Jewish War -- Fall of Masada -- Revolts in the Diaspora -- Bar Kokhba Revolt -- etc.

(b) ANCIENT TEXTS (50+)

Bible -- Hebrew Bible -- Septuagint -- Targum -- Vulgate:

• Book of Ezekiel -- Book of Chronicles -- Book of Daniel -- Book of Esther -- Ezra-Nehemiah -- Book of Job -- Qoheleth -- Song of Songs -- Book of Jonah

OT Apocrypha:

• Book of Tobit -- Book of Judith -- Esther Additions -- Wisdom of Solomon -- Book of Sirach -- 1 Baruch -- Daniel Additions -- 1 Maccabees -- 2 Maccabees -- 3 Maccabees -- 4 Maccabees -- 3 Ezra -- 4 Ezra -- Prayer of Manasseh -- Psalm 151

OT Pseudepigrapha:

• Apocalypse of Abraham -- Testament of Abraham -- Life of Adam and Eve -- Ahiqar -- Letter of Aristeas -- 2 Baruch -- 3 Baruch -- 4 Baruch -- Pseudo-Philo -- 1 Enoch -- 2 Enoch -- Testament of Job -- Joseph and Aseneth -- Book of Jubilees -- Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs -- Sibylline Oracles -- Psalms of Solomon -- Testament of Solomon -- Apocalypse of Zephaniah -- etc.

Elephantine Papyri -- Zenon Papyri

Dead Sea Scrolls:

• Rule of the Community -- Damascus Document -- War Scroll -- Temple Scroll -- Copper Scroll -- etc.

Philo's Works

• De opificio mundi -- De decalogo -- In Flaccum -- etc.

New Testament:

• Gospel of Matthew – Gospel of Mark – Gospel of Luke – Gospel of John – Acts of Apostles – Romans – 1 Corinthians – 2 Corinthians – Galatians – Ephesians – Philippians – Colossians – 1 Thessalonians – 2 Thessalonians – 1 Timothy – 2 Timothy – Titus – Philemon – Hebrews – Letter of James – 1 Peter – 2 Peter – 1 John – 2 John – 3 John – Letter of Jude – Revelation of John

NT Apocrypha:

• Gospel of Thomas -- Gospel of Judas -- etc.

Josephus' Works

• Bellum Iudaicum -- Antiquitates Iudaicae -- Vita -- Contra Apionem
• See also Testimonium Flavianum

Apostolic Fathers:

• 1 Clement -- 2 Clement -- Didache -- Letter of Barnabas -- Letters of Ignatius -- Letter of Polycarp -- Martyrdom of Polycarp -- Shepherd of Hermas -- Papias -- Quadratus of Athens

Early Church Fathers

• Justin Martyr -- Tatian (c.120-180) -- Irenaeus -- Clement of Alexandria -- Tertullian (c.160-220) -- Origen (c.185-254) -- Eusebius (c.263-339) --

(2) Abstracts

(a) SCHOLARLY WORKS (5,200+)

• Books -- Edited volumes -- Translated Scholarship
• Languages / Works' chronology

• Ancient Judaism / Second Temple Judaism / Rabbinic origins / Jewish History
• Historical Jesus / Time of Jesus / Christian origins / Early Christianity / Church History

(b) LITERATURE AND THE ARTS (2,700+)

See Languages, and Works' chronology

• Art / Cinema / Films / Literature / Novels / Poetry / Music / Operas / Oratorios / Theatre / Plays

(c) RESEARCH TOOLS (100+)

• Book series -- Journals -- Dictionaries
• Institutions of Higher Education -- Learned Societies -- Publishers
• Websites -- Databases

(d) VARIA

• Translations / Non-Fiction
• Arch-fi / Visions

(3) Biographies

(a) SCHOLARS (1,500+)

Field of specialization

• Second Temple Scholars -- OT Scholars -- Qumran Scholars -- Philo Scholars -- Josephus Scholars -- NT Scholars -- Historical Jesus Scholars -- Pauline Scholars -- Archaeologists

National Schools

• American Scholars -- British Scholars -- French Scholars -- German Scholars -- Italian Scholars -- Spanish Scholars -- etc.

People's generations

• ... -- Born in the 1900s -- Born in the 1910s -- Born in the 1920s -- Born in the 1930s -- ...
• ... -- Died in the 2010s -- Died in the 2000s -- Died in the 1990s -- Died in the 1980s -- ...

Jewish Scholars -- Women Scholars

(b) AUTHORS (1,500+)

Field of specialization

• Artists / Composers / Film Directors / Librettists / Novelists / Playwrights / Poets

National Schools

• American Authors -- British Authors -- French Authors -- German Authors -- Italian Authors -- Spanish Authors -- etc.

People's generations

• ... -- Born in the 1900s -- Born in the 1910s -- Born in the 1920s -- Born in the 1930s -- ...
• ... -- Died in the 2010s -- Died in the 2000s -- Died in the 1990s -- Died in the 1980s -- ...

Jewish Authors -- Women Authors

(c) OTHERS

• Translators / Writers
• Visionaries / Arch-fi Authors
• National Schools / People's generations /

News

See Paleojudaica.com

• The 6th Enoch Seminar was held in Milan, Italy (June 26-30, 2011) on 2 Baruch / 4 Ezra. See the Enoch Seminar page for further details.

• The Eerdmans Dictionary of Early Judaism (2010 Collins / Harlow), dictionary is now available. It is a landmark in the history of research in Second Temple Judaism and Christian Origins.

• July 11, 2011 Italian NT scholar Giuseppe Segalla passed away; see http://www.fttr.it/pls/fttr/V3_S2EW_CONSULTAZIONE.mostra_pagina?id_pagina=1005

• June 24, 2011 Friedemann Golka, a member of the Society for Old Testament Study and author of numerous Old Testament studies, passed away. He was born on the 5th of April in 1942. A brief obituary has been uploaded here- http://www.scribd.com/doc/59305033/Friedemann-Obituary .

• May 26, 2011 Dafydd Rhys ap-Thomas, a former President of SOTS and author of many biblical studies books as well as translator of many, passed away. There's a brief obituary here - http://www.annibynwyr.org/5353.html?diablo.lang=eng

• April 4, 2011 (New York University) - Conference: Ancient Jewish Sciences and the History of Knowledge - Organizers: Jonathan Ben-Dov (University of Haifa and ISAW) and Seth Sanders (Trinity College and ISAW)

• February 19, 2011 - Israeli Archaeologist Anson F. Rainey (born 11 January 1930) passed away 19 February 2011. A biography and bibliography of his many works is available here- http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/directory/dir_anson_rainey.html . May his memory be a blessing.

• February 13, 2011 - American Professor, and friend of the Enoch Seminar, Alan F. Segal (1945-2011) passed away on Feb 13. His premature death is very sad news for all those who had the privilege of knowing him, and a great loss for the entire community of specialists in Second Temple Judaism and Christian Origins. Our thoughts are with his family. May his memory be a blessing.

• January 13, 2011 - German scholar Rudolf Pesch (1936-2011) passed away. Prof. Pesch's research focused on the Gospel of Mark and the Acts of Apostles.

• Dec 15, 2010 - With great sorrow we announce that Israeli Professor, and member of the Enoch Seminar, Shemaryahu Talmon (1920-2010) passed away on Dec 15. Prof. Talmon was the chief editor of the Hebrew University Bible Project for many years. May his memory be a blessing.

• New entries. Psalms of Solomon and Salome Alexandra, by Kenneth Atkinson. / Apocalypse of Abraham, by Gerbern S. Oegema. / 2 Enoch, by Andrei A. Orlov / John and Wedding at Cana, by James E. West / Tigranes the Great, by Gabriele Boccaccini / Herod the Great, by Samuele Rocca

• Obituaries. German NT scholar Rudolf Pesch (1936-2011); Biblical scholar and translator John S. Bowden (1935 - 2010); Israeli Archaeologist Ehud Netzer (1934-2010); Italian Biblical scholar Jan Alberto Soggin (1926-2010).

• December 6, 2010 - Biblical scholar and translator John Bowden (1935 - 2010) passed away. He was an accomplished scholar in his own right but is probably better known as a translator of many books in the field of Biblical studies.

• Oct 28, 2010 - Israeli Archaeologist Ehud Netzer (1934-2010) passed away. A specialist of Herodian archaeology, is renowned for his excavations at the Herodium. He recently announced the discovery of the location of the tomb of Herod the Great.

• Oct 26, 2010 - Biblical scholar Jan Alberto Soggin (1926-2010) passed away. He was Professor at the Waldensian Faculty of Theology in Rome, Italy. His History of Israel and Introduction to the Old Testament were international bestsellers.

• May 15, 2010 - American-Israeli scholar Moshe Greenberg (1928-2010) passed away.

• Apr 8, 2010 - Israeli archaeologist and co-director of the Enoch Seminar Hanan Eshel (1958-2010) passed away.

• Apr 7, 2010 - American historian Ellis Rivkin (1918-2010) passed away

Note: 4 Enoch is a work in progress. In the first phase (Aug 2009 - Jul 2010) thousands of entries (abstracts of works of scholarship and fiction, biographies of scholars and authors, etc.) were included. Consequently, the Encyclopedia appears today essentially as a wikified bibliography, providing a comprehensive survey of the history of research in the period.

The keywords associated with each bibliographical and biographical entry have generated numerous "Subject entries" or "Categories" (now existing mostly in a draft form), which in the second phase of the project (Aug 2010 - Aug 2014) are in the process of being assigned to specialists and developed as original contributions to the study of Second Temple Judaism and Christian Origins]]