Difference between revisions of "Category:Holocaust Children (subject)"

Latest revision as of 07:25, 5 January 2023

Holocaust Children (see Holocaust Children Studies)

Age : 1924 -- 1925 -- 1926 -- 1927 -- 1928 -- 1929 -- 1930 -- 1931 -- 1932 -- 1933 -- 1934 -- 1935 -- 1936 -- 1937 -- 1938 -- 1939 -- 1940 -- 1941 -- 1942 -- 1943 -- 1944 -- 1945

Country : Austria -- Belarus -- Belgium -- Bosnia -- Croatia -- Czechia -- Denmark -- France -- Germany -- Greece -- Hungary -- Italy -- Libya -- Lithuania -- Netherlands -- Poland -- Rhodes -- Romania -- Serbia -- Slovakia -- Ukraine -- Yugoslavia

Overview

See Museum of Tolerance

See Holocaust Children

When World War II began in September 1939, there were approximately 1.6 million Jewish children living in the territories that the German armies or their allies would occupy. When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, more than 1.2 million and perhaps as many as 1.5 million Jewish children were dead, targeted victims in the Nazis’ calculated program of genocide. As Warsaw ghetto historian Emanuel Ringelblum wrote in 1942, “Even in the most barbaric times, a human spark glowed in the rudest heart, and children were spared. But the Hitlerian beast is quite different. It would devour the dearest of us, those who arouse the greatest compassion—our innocent children.”

All Jews were targeted for death, but the mortality rate for children was especially high. Only around 150,000, or 6 to 11% of Europe’s prewar Jewish population of children survived as compared with 33% of the adults. The young generally were not selected for forced labor, and the Nazis often carried out “children’s actions” to reduce the number of “useless eaters” in the ghettos. In the camps, children, the elderly, and pregnant women routinely were sent to the gas chambers immediately after arrival.

Liberation from Nazi tyranny brought no end to the sufferings of the few Jewish children who survived the Holocaust. Many would face the future without parents, grandparents, or siblings.

The largest group of surviving children (60,000) was in Romania. There were 15,000 children alive in France; 12,000 in Hungary as well as in Bulgaria; 7,000 in Poland as well as in Italy; 4,000 in Belgium as well as in the Netherlands; between 2,500 and 4,500 in Czechoslovakia; 2,400 in Greece. A few thousand children survived in Concentration camps: 1,600 in Theresienstadt, 900 at Buchenwald, 500 at Bergen-Belsen, 300 at Auschwitz, etc. As many as 60,000 child survivors emigrated to the United States after the war.

Geography and Chronology of the Holocaust

Discrimination (1933-38)

Emigration

The first to be affected by the Holocaust were the Jewish children living in Germany. They were subjected to racial laws, discriminated, expelled from schools. Many of them left emigrated with their families.

Second came in 1938 the Jewish children living in Austria and Jewish children living in Czechia. They were subjected to the same restrictive measures as their companions in Germany. Racial laws were enacted in Italy and Hungary as well.

Persecution (1938-1939)

Refugees -- Kindertransport

Kristallnacht marked the beginning of a new, more violent stage in the persecution. In Germany, Austria and Czechia, synagogues were burned, properties were destroyed. People were arrested, intimidated, some even murdered. Emigration now became a race against time. Nearby countries (and even much far away countries, like China) became places of refuge. It was difficult however to obtain visas since many countries had strict immigration laws. Many children left alone in a Kindertransport in order to reach safety abroad.

Hunger, Disease, Forced Labor (1939-41)

Nazi Ghettoes -- Internment Camps

In Sept 1939 Germany conquered Eastern Poland. Children living in Poland were immediately subjected to violent persecution, and eventually forced to live in overcrowded ghetto where thousands of them died of hunger and disease.

In May 1940, the Holocaust also hit children living in the Netherlands, Belgium and France. In occupied Western countries, Nazi authorities initially refrained from open violence in order not to provoke reactions from the local population. Racial laws were enacted and Jews were gradually deprived of any right and freedom. In occupied France and Italy, then an ally of the Germans, children of "foreign Jews" (even those born in Italy) were forced to live in internment camps.

Extermination (1941-1945)

Mass Shootings -- Death Camps -- Concentration Camps -- Hidden Children -- Street Children -- Partisans

The Operation Barbarossa marked the beginning of the most violent stage in the Holocaust. For the first time, children living in Eastern Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were directly targeted for extermination, first by specially appointed firing squads, then by deportation to death camps. By the beginning of 1942 death camps became fully operative. Jews were now deported from the Polish ghettos or from special transit camps in Western Europe directly to the gas chambers in Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz. Children (especially orphans or the little ones) were the first ones to be murdered. (while only adolescents could have some chances as forced laborers).

After Sept 1943 the extermination was extended to Italy (now under German occupation) and following the German occupation of Hungary on 19 March 1944, also in Hungary.

Liberation (1945)

DP Camps -- Orphanages

Germany was losing the war. At the end of 1944-beginning 1945 the first concentration camps were liberated. Only a few children were found alive in Auschwitz on January 27, 1945. More consistent groups of children were liberated at Buchenwald, Berger-Belsen, Theresienstadt, Gunskirchen, ect. The end of the war also meant freedom for the thousands and thousands of children who were in hiding everywhere in Europe.

Many of the child survivors were now orphans or had been separated from their parents and relatives. Special DP camps were established for them in France, Italy (Selvino), Poland, Germany, the Netherlands...

Lost Childhood

Why are we devoting so much time to children during the Holocaust?

Children have rarely a life of their own. Their lives depend on the adults who take care of them. There are very little opportunities for children to be known apart from their families. The Jewish child is no exception (we know the names of only a few children who have distinguished themselves as children in Jewish history).

In antiquity, most of the stories about children in the Bible present "ordinary" stories of child rivalry, family conflict, ecc. Only a few children are remembered for something really special that happened to them: Joseph (was sold as a slave, became the viceroy of Egypt), David (killed Goliath in battle), Daniel (served the Persian administration), etc.

With the creation of schools more opportunities were offered to children to distinguished themselves outside of their own families, first of all for their learning as "exceptional students" (child prodigies). Josephus, Jesus, etc. The Rabbis had a term to עילוי‎ or עלוי (i'lui) to denote child prodigies who distinguished themselves in the study of the Torah for their intelligence and memory.

The Emancipation gave Jewish children (both boys and girls) the opportunity to distinguish themselves in other fields than religion, namely, as child singers, child actors, child musicians, as well as students of science.

Mischa Elman (Ukraine, 1891-1967), violinist <picture (1905c)>

Norbert Wiener (US, 1894-1964), mathematician <picture>

William James Sidis (US, 1898-1944), mathematician (entered Harvard at 11) <picture>

Wolfgang Zilzer (Germany, 1901-1991), child actor, Holocaust refugee

Jascha Heifetz, violinist (Lithuania, 1901-1987), violinist <picture>

Hilda Bor (UK, 1910-1993), pianist <video>

Roman Totenberg (Poland-Russia, 1911-2012), violinist <picture>

Robert Gordon (US, 1913-1990), child actor (then filmmaker) <picture 1> <picture2>

Yehudi Menuhin (US-UK, 1916-1999) <picture>

Robert Rietti (UK, 1923-2015), child actor

János Starker (Hungary, 1924-2013), cellist, Holocaust survivor

Mel Tormé (US, 1925-1999), child singer

Jerry Tucker (US, 1925-2016), child actor

Bobby Breen (Isadore Borsuk) (Canada, 1927-2016), one the most famous child actors and singers of the time <picture> <film (see 00 and 50:30)> <Ombra mai fu (Handel)> <Sometimes I Feel like a Motherless Child (45:06)>

Lea Deutsch (Croatia, 1927-1943), child actress, Holocaust victim <picture>

The normal situation of children is that adults are taking care of them. Only exceptional situations force some children to become adults before time. Sister Raises Five Siblings Alone After Parents’ Death (2:30) (The View, Woody Goldberg).

The Holocaust marked for an entire generation (around 1.6 millions of Jewish children in Europe) a complete reversal of their "normal" status. Adults became children (i.e. powerless), and children were forced to become adults. in order to survive, they had to take their lives in their own hands and make life-or-death decision for themselves and often also for their own relatives. This makes the Holocaust such a special time for the Jewish child, a time in which children have become protagonists without having asked for it.

Everyday Life in the Warsaw Ghetto Warsaw

Brundibar - 60 MINUTES Theresienstadt (Terezin)

After the Holocaust, the "return to normality" meant the reestablishment of the parent-child relation:

Daniel Beremboim (b.1942), pianist

Edith Stern (b.1952), mathematician

Ruth Lawrence (UK, 1971), mathematician, youngest person to attend Oxford University at 12.

Biographies

Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial Foundation

Death and Survival

(90% of the 1.5 million Jewish children living in Europe under Nazi rule perished during the Holocaust:

At the beginning, after Hitler rose to power in 1933, Jewish children were not targeted for extermination. They suffered discrimination, exclusion and humiliation. They could no longer attend schools, they could not pursue an education, meet with non-Jewish friends, etc. Many tried to escape with or without their families especially after Kristallnacht (Nov 9-10, 1938), when Jewish synagogues and properties were destroyed in a massive pogrom.

After the beginning of the war, in September 1939, Jewish children experienced the ghettos. They began to die in the thousands because of hunger and disease.

Starting from June 1941, with the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, for the first time Jewish children in Eastern Europe were shoot with their families in mass executions.

In 1942 began the systematic killing of children, They were deported from the ghettos to the death camps. Only some children who lied about their age and could work, were able to survive. Others were able to flee before being captured.

Only 10% of children survived the Holocaust (around 150.000):

(a) Refugees, with their families or alone (Kindertransport), who left continental Europe before the war started.

(b) Hidden Children (with their families, with non-Jews, with the partisans, in Christian boarding schools, etc.)

(c) Nazi Ghettoes and Labor Camps (mostly adolescents, and a few younger children who were kept alive to serve as errand boys or for medical experiments).

(d) Family Camps (Bergen-Belsen, Theresienstadt)

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Bibliography ==
+'''Holocaust Children''' (see [[Holocaust Children Studies]])
-==== 1984 ====
+* '''Age''' : [[Holocaust Children, 1924|1924]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1925|1925]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1926|1926]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1927|1927]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1928|1928]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1929|1929]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1930|1930]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1931|1931]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1932|1932]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1933|1933]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1934|1934]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1935|1935]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1936|1936]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1937|1937]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1938|1938]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1939|1939]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1940|1940]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1941|1941]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1942|1942]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1943|1943]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1944|1944]] -- [[Holocaust Children, 1945|1945]]
-[[File:1979 Schwarberg.jpg|thumb|150px]]
+* '''Country''' : [[Holocaust Children, Austria|Austria]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Belarus|Belarus]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Belgium|Belgium]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Bosnia|Bosnia]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Croatia|Croatia]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Czechia|Czechia]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Denmark|Denmark]] -- [[Holocaust Children, France|France]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Germany|Germany]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Greece|Greece]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Hungary|Hungary]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Italy|Italy]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Libya|Libya]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Lithuania|Lithuania]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Netherlands|Netherlands]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Poland|Poland]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Rhodes|Rhodes]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Romania|Romania]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Serbia|Serbia]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Slovakia|Slovakia]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Ukraine|Ukraine]] -- [[Holocaust Children, Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
-[[Günther Schwarberg]]. '''Der SS-Arzt und die Kinder: Bericht über den Mord vom Bullenhuser Damm''' <German> (Hamburg [Germany]: Gruner und Jahr, 1979). ET by  [[Henri Nannen]]: ''The Murders at Bullenhuser Damm: The SS Doctor and the Children'' (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984).
-"Describes the medical experiments performed by a German doctor on twenty Jewish children taken from Nazi concentration camps"--Publisher description.
+== Overview ==
+* See [http://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/children-of-the-holocaust/ Museum of Tolerance]
-* Le mémorial des enfants juifs déportés de France (French children of the Holocaust / 1995, 1996
+* See [https://www.fold3.com/page/285875537-child-victims-of-the-nazis/stories Holocaust Children]
-* The last witness : the child survivor of the Holocaust / (1996)
+When World War II began in September 1939, there were approximately 1.6 million Jewish children living in the territories that the German armies or their allies would occupy. When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, more than 1.2 million and perhaps as many as 1.5 million Jewish children were dead, targeted victims in the Nazis’ calculated program of genocide. As Warsaw ghetto historian Emanuel Ringelblum wrote in 1942, “Even in the most barbaric times, a human spark glowed in the rudest heart, and children were spared. But the Hitlerian beast is quite different. It would devour the dearest of us, those who arouse the greatest compassion—our innocent children.”
-* The boys : the untold story of 732 young concentration camp survivors  (1997)
+All Jews were targeted for death, but the mortality rate for children was especially high. Only around 150,000, or 6 to 11% of Europe’s prewar Jewish population of children survived as compared with 33% of the adults. The young generally were not selected for forced labor, and the Nazis often carried out “children’s actions” to reduce the number of “useless eaters” in the ghettos. In the camps, children, the elderly, and pregnant women routinely were sent to the gas chambers immediately after arrival.
-* Into the arms of strangers: stories of the Kindertransport
+Liberation from Nazi tyranny brought no end to the sufferings of the few Jewish children who survived the Holocaust. Many would face the future without parents, grandparents, or siblings.
-Chronicles the events and people involved in the rescue of 10,000 children from Nazi territories, and what happened after the war. Official tie-in to the Warner Brothers documentary. First hand account of the extraordinary rescue mission of 10,000 children before the outbreak of World War II. For nine months before the outbreak of World War II, Britain conducted an extraordinary rescue mission. It opened its doors to over 10,000 endangered children, 90 percent of them Jewish, from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. These children were taken into foster homes and hostels in Britain, expecting eventually to be reunited with their parents. Most of the children never saw their families again. Into the Arms of Strangers recounts the remarkable story of this rescue operation, known as the Kindertransport, and its dramatic impact on the lives of the children who were saved. The book is the companion to the feature-length documentary which was released in the theatres by Warner Bros. in Fall 2000. It contains stories in their own words from the child survivors, rescuers, parents, and foster parents. They recount, in harrowing detail, the effects of the Nazi's reign of terror, the horror of Kristallnacht, the agonizing decision by the parents to send their children away, the journey, the difficulties of adjustment in Britain, the outbreak of war, and the children's tragic discovery afterward that most of their parents had perished in concentration camps. The stories are heartbreaking, but also inspiring. These are the stories of those who survived with the help of others; they are stories about the strength and resolve of children; and most astonishing, these are stories not yet heard about the Holocaust.
+The largest group of surviving children (60,000) was in Romania. There were 15,000 children alive in France; 12,000 in Hungary as well as in Bulgaria; 7,000 in Poland as well as in  Italy; 4,000 in Belgium as well as in the Netherlands; between 2,500 and 4,500 in Czechoslovakia; 2,400 in Greece. A few thousand children survived in Concentration camps: 1,600 in Theresienstadt, 900 at Buchenwald, 500 at Bergen-Belsen, 300 at Auschwitz, etc. As many as 60,000 child survivors emigrated to the United States after the war.
-Contents:	When the bough breaks -- The 9th of November -- A light in the darkness -- Last goodbyes -- Into the arms of strangers -- A thousand kisses -- On the shoulders of children -- War and deportation -- Somewhere to belong -- None to comfort them -- Living with the past -- In memory of Sylva Avramovici Oppenheimer, 1928-1993.
+== Geography and Chronology of the Holocaust ==
-* Flares of memory :
+==== Discrimination (1933-38) ====
-stories of childhood during the Holocaust (New York : Oxford University Press, 2001)
-A collection of "over one hundred brief stories written by survivors from Germany, Poland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and the Balkan countries ... along with "poignant recollections of American liberators who were devastated by the horrors they discovered after the fall of the Nazis."--Jacket.
+* [[Emigration]]
-Contents:	Snapshots: Jewish life before the Holocaust -- The destruction of a society -- Ruthlessness as a system -- The lottery of death and life -- Disguise as a way of hiding -- The sustaining power of family love -- The virtuous and the vicious -- Desperate heroism -- Emergence into light -- The aftermath: remembering.
+The first to be affected by the Holocaust were the [[Holocaust Children, Germany|Jewish children living in Germany]]. They were subjected to racial laws, discriminated, expelled from schools. Many of them left emigrated with their families.
-* [[Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web (2005 Nicholas), book]]
+Second came in 1938 the [[Holocaust Children, Austria|Jewish children living in Austria]] and [[Holocaust Children, Czechia|Jewish children living in Czechia]]. They were subjected to the same restrictive measures as their companions in Germany. Racial laws were enacted in Italy and Hungary as well.
-* [[Hidden children of the Holocaust : Belgian nuns and their daring rescue of young Jews from the Nazis (2008 Vromen), book]]
+==== Persecution (1938-1939) ====
-* [[50 children : one ordinary American couple's extraordinary rescue mission into the heart of Nazi Germany
+* [[Refugees]] -- [[Kindertransport]]
-* [[Irena's children : the extraordinary story of the woman who saved 2,500 children from the Warsaw ghetto
+[[Kristallnacht]] marked the beginning of a new, more violent stage in the persecution. In Germany, Austria and Czechia, synagogues were burned, properties were destroyed. People were arrested, intimidated, some even murdered. Emigration now became a race against time. Nearby countries (and even much far away countries, like China) became places of refuge. It was difficult however to obtain visas since many countries had strict immigration laws. Many children left alone in a [[Kindertransport]] in order to reach safety abroad.
-* [[Suzanne's children : a daring rescue in Nazi Paris
+==== Hunger, Disease, Forced Labor (1939-41) ====
----
-* [[The girls of Room 28 : friendship, hope, and survival in Theresienstadt /
+* [[Nazi Ghettoes]] -- [[Internment Camps]]
-Author: Brenner-Wonschick, Hannelore, 1951-
-* [[The Mascot: Unraveling the Mystery of My Jewish Father's Nazi Boyhood (2007 Kurzem), biography
+In Sept 1939 Germany conquered Eastern Poland. [[Holocaust Children, Poland|Children living in Poland]] were immediately subjected to violent persecution, and eventually forced to live in overcrowded ghetto where thousands of them died of hunger and disease.
-A survival story, a grim fairy-tale, and a psychological drama, this memoir asks provocative questions about identity, complicity, and forgiveness. When a Nazi death squad raided his Latvian village, Jewish five-year-old Alex escaped. After surviving the winter by foraging for food and stealing clothes off dead soldiers, he was discovered by a Latvian SS unit. Not knowing he was Jewish, they made him their mascot, dressing the little "corporal" in uniform and toting him from massacre to massacre. When the war ended he was sent to Australia with a family of Latvian refugees. Fearful of discovery--as either a Jew or a Nazi--Alex kept the secret of his childhood, even from his family. But he grew tormented and determined to uncover the story of his past. Shunned by a local Holocaust organization, he reached out to his son Mark for help in reclaiming his identity.--
+In May 1940, the Holocaust also hit children living in the Netherlands, Belgium and France. In occupied Western countries, Nazi authorities initially refrained from open violence in order not to provoke reactions from the local population. Racial laws were enacted and Jews were gradually deprived of any right and freedom. In occupied France and Italy, then an ally of the Germans, children of "foreign Jews" (even those born in Italy) were forced to live in internment camps.
+==== Extermination (1941-1945) ====
+* [[Mass Shootings]] -- [[Death Camps]] -- [[Concentration Camps]] -- [[Hidden Children]] -- [[Street Children]] -- [[Partisans]]
+The Operation Barbarossa marked the beginning of the most violent stage in the Holocaust. For the first time, children living in Eastern Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were directly targeted for extermination, first by specially appointed firing squads, then by deportation to death camps. By the beginning of 1942 death camps became fully operative. Jews were now deported from the Polish ghettos or from special transit camps in Western Europe directly to the gas chambers in Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz. Children (especially orphans or the little ones) were the first ones to be murdered. (while only adolescents could have some chances as forced laborers).
+After Sept 1943 the extermination was extended to Italy (now under German occupation) and following the German occupation of Hungary on 19 March 1944, also in Hungary.
+==== Liberation (1945)====
+* [[DP Camps]] -- [[Orphanages]]
+Germany was losing the war. At the end of 1944-beginning 1945 the first concentration camps were liberated. Only a few children were found alive in Auschwitz on January 27, 1945. More consistent groups of children were liberated at Buchenwald, Berger-Belsen, Theresienstadt, Gunskirchen, ect. The end of the war also meant freedom for the thousands and thousands of children who were in hiding everywhere in Europe.
+Many of the child survivors were now orphans or had been separated from their parents and relatives. Special DP camps were established for them in France, Italy (Selvino), Poland, Germany, the Netherlands...
+== Lost Childhood ==
+Why are we devoting so much time to children during the Holocaust?
+Children have rarely a life of their own. Their lives depend on the adults who take care of them. There are very little opportunities for children to be known apart from their families. The Jewish child is no exception (we know the names of only a few children who have distinguished themselves as children in Jewish history).
+In antiquity, most of the stories about children in the Bible present "ordinary" stories of child rivalry, family conflict, ecc. Only a few children are remembered for something really special that happened to them: Joseph (was sold as a slave, became the viceroy of Egypt), [[David]] (killed Goliath in battle), [[Daniel]] (served the Persian administration), etc.
+With the creation of schools more opportunities were offered to children to distinguished themselves outside of their own families, first of all for their learning as "exceptional students" (child prodigies). [[Josephus]], [[Jesus]], etc. The Rabbis had a term to  עילוי‎ or עלוי (i'lui) to denote child prodigies who distinguished themselves in the study of the Torah for their intelligence and memory.
+The Emancipation gave Jewish children (both boys and girls) the opportunity to distinguish themselves in other fields than religion, namely, as child singers, child actors, child musicians, as well as students of science.
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischa_Elman Mischa Elman] (Ukraine, 1891-1967), violinist <[https://www.pinterest.pt/pin/320248223480763339/ picture (1905c)]>
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener Norbert Wiener] (US, 1894-1964), mathematician <[https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/thinkers/Wiener.html picture]>
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Sidis William James Sidis] (US, 1898-1944), mathematician (entered Harvard at 11) <[https://www.facebook.com/228009097264281/photos/a.263216347076889/263216393743551/?type=3&theater picture]>
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Zilzer Wolfgang Zilzer] (Germany, 1901-1991), child actor, Holocaust refugee
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz Jascha Heifetz], violinist (Lithuania, 1901-1987), violinist <[https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/36960467425 picture]>
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Bor Hilda Bor] (UK, 1910-1993), pianist <[https://fredburns.co.uk/hilda-bor-a-forgotten-pianist video]>
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Totenberg Roman Totenberg] (Poland-Russia, 1911-2012), violinist <[https://www.loc.gov/collections/roman-totenberg-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/ picture]>
+* [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gordon_(regista) Robert Gordon] (US, 1913-1990), child actor (then filmmaker) <[https://crystalkalyana.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/jazzsinger1927_036pyxurz.jpg picture 1]> <[https://www.pinterest.jp/pin/73887250115067831/visual-search/ picture2]>
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin Yehudi Menuhin] (US-UK, 1916-1999) <[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin#/media/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12786,_Bruno_Walter_und_Yehudin_Menuhin.jpg picture]>
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rietti Robert Rietti] (UK, 1923-2015), child actor
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Starker János Starker] (Hungary, 1924-2013), cellist, Holocaust survivor
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9 Mel Tormé] (US, 1925-1999), child singer
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Tucker_(actor) Jerry Tucker] (US, 1925-2016), child actor
+* [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Breen Bobby Breen (Isadore Borsuk)] (Canada, 1927-2016), one the most famous child actors and singers of the time <[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/sep/27/bobby-breen-obituary picture]> <[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0R2mmxrmVM film] (see 00 and 50:30)> <[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-Ae-_k3hU8&list=RD2XHtHDNg88w&index=5 Ombra mai fu (Handel)]> <[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKT1Q-XlfDY&t=3s Sometimes I Feel like a Motherless Child] (45:06)>
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Deutsch Lea Deutsch] (Croatia, 1927-1943), child actress, Holocaust victim <[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f1/Lea_Deutsch.jpg picture]>
+The normal situation of children is that adults are taking care of them. Only exceptional situations force some children to become adults before time. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUDiAFBatKg&t=317s Sister Raises Five Siblings Alone After Parents’ Death] (2:30) (The View, Woody Goldberg).
+The Holocaust marked for an entire generation (around 1.6 millions of Jewish children in Europe) a complete reversal of their "normal" status. Adults became children (i.e. powerless), and children were forced to become adults. in order to survive, they had to take their lives in their own hands and make life-or-death decision for themselves and often also for their own relatives. This makes the Holocaust such a special time for the Jewish child, a time in which children have become protagonists without having asked for it.
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw3VIQJHMIo Everyday Life in the Warsaw Ghetto] Warsaw
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnLnS9wv30w Brundibar - 60 MINUTES] Theresienstadt (Terezin)
+After the Holocaust, the "return to normality" meant the reestablishment of the parent-child relation:
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim Daniel Beremboim] (b.1942), pianist
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Stern Edith Stern] (b.1952), mathematician
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Lawrence Ruth Lawrence] (UK, 1971), mathematician, youngest person to attend Oxford University at 12.
+====Biographies====
+* [https://www.preserveauschwitz.org/survivors-stories/ Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial Foundation]
+== Death and Survival ==
+(90% of the 1.5 million Jewish children living in Europe under Nazi rule perished during the Holocaust:
+* At the beginning, after Hitler rose to power in 1933, Jewish children were not targeted for extermination. They suffered discrimination, exclusion and humiliation. They could no longer attend schools, they could not pursue an education, meet with non-Jewish friends, etc. Many tried to escape with or without their families especially after Kristallnacht (Nov 9-10, 1938), when Jewish synagogues and properties were destroyed in a massive pogrom.
+* After the beginning of the war, in September 1939, Jewish children experienced the ghettos. They began to die in the thousands because of hunger and disease.
+* Starting from June 1941, with the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, for the first time Jewish children in Eastern Europe were shoot with their families in mass executions.
+* In 1942 began the systematic killing of children, They were deported from the ghettos to the death camps. Only some children who lied about their age and could work, were able to survive. Others were able to flee before being captured.
+Only 10% of children survived the Holocaust (around 150.000):
+* (a) Refugees, with their families or alone ([[Kindertransport]]), who left continental Europe before the war started.
+* (b) [[Hidden Children]] (with their families, with non-Jews, with the partisans, in Christian boarding schools, etc.)
+* (c) [[Nazi Ghettoes]] and [[Labor Camps]] (mostly adolescents, and a few younger children who were kept alive to serve as errand boys or for medical experiments).
+* (d) [[Family Camps]] (Bergen-Belsen, Theresienstadt)