Nero - Revision history

Gabriele Boccaccini: Redirected page to Category:Nero (subject)

2012-02-19T13:53:25Z

Redirected page to Category:Nero (subject)

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 19 February 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	*This page is edited by [[Samuele Rocca]], Israel		#REDIRECT [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]
	*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Nero (sources)]]
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]


	~~'''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''' (37 - 68 CE) was the fifth and last Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dinasty.~~

	~~===Early Career===~~
	[[Nero]] was born in [[Antium]], near Rome in 37 CE as [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus]]. He was the only son of [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] and [[Agrippina the Younger]], sister of [[Gaius Caesar]]. In 49 CE, after that [[Claudius]] married [[Agrippina]], [[Lucius Domitius]] was officially adopted in 50 CE and renamed [[Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus]]. As [[Nero]] was older than his step-brother, [[Britannicus]], he became heir to the throne. [[Nero]] was proclaimed an adult in 51 CE. He was then appointed proconsul. In 53 CE, he married his step-sister [[Claudia Octavia]].
	~~===Imperial Succession===~~
	[[Nero]] succeeded to [[Claudius]] in 54 CE. The ancient tradition presents Nero first five years of rule as excellent, the quinquennium neronianum. In this period the young [[Nero]] was assisted by his mother [[Agrippina]], [[Burrus]], the praefectus praetorius, and his tutor, [[Seneca]] the philosopher. In 55 CE, [[Nero]] had his step-brother [[Britannicus]] poisoned. From then onwards, [[Nero]] resisted the influence of his mother, and her advisors. In the same year, he removed [[Marcus Antonius Pallas]], an ally of [[Agrippina]], from his position in the treasury. Finally in 59 CE, [[Nero]] had his mother executed. He also divorced and later executed [[Octavia]] to marry [[Poppaea Sabina]]. With the sudden death of [[Burrus]] in 62 C.E., and the retirement of [[Seneca]], [[Nero]] was to rule alone. Afterwards, surrounded by new advisors, the rule of [[Nero]] assumed the characters of a Hellenistic monarchy. In the last years of rule, [[Nero]] was assisted by the new praetorian praefectus [[Ofonius Tigellinus]]. [[Nero]] showed much sympathy to Greek culture. In 60 C.E., he introduced in Rome, public games in the Greek fashion, the Neronia, and in 66 C.E., [[Nero]] left for Greece to perform at the various Greek games. By then, [[Nero]]’s rule had become quite unpopular with the Senate. [[Nero]] executed various people between 62 and 63 CE, including [[Pallas]], G[[aius Rubellius Plautus]], [[Faustus Sulla]] and [[Doryphorus]]. [[Nero]]’s difficulties with the Senate resulted in the Pisonian conspiracy in 65 C.E. However the conspiracy was unsuccesful in consequence of a delation. Its members, including [[Seneca]], [[Lucanus]], [[Petronius Arbiter]], were either executed or committed suicide. On the other side [[Nero]] was much popular with the lower classes, which were protected with various laws. In 64 CE, a huge fire devastated the city of Rome. [[Nero]], after the great fire of Rome, erected a huge palace in the center of Rome, the Domus Aurea. Other building projects were the draining of the [[Ostia]] marshes, and an attempt to have a canal dug at the Isthmus of [[Corinth]]. [[Nero]] foreign policy was much successful. In the West in [[Britannia]] the revolt of [[Boudicca]], queen of the [[Iceni]], was repressed in 61 C.E. by the governor [[Gaius Suetonius Paulinus]]. In the East [[Armenia]] was brought from Parthian vassalage to Roman influence. In 55 CE, the kingdom of [[Armenia]] overthrew the pro-Roman ruler [[Rhadamistus]], replacing him with the Parthian prince Tiridates. Nero sent in his general [[Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo]], who defeated the Parthians. Once more in 58 CE, the Parthian king [[Vologases I]] invaded [[Armenia]]. [[Corbulo]] defeated the invaders and [[Tiridates]] had to retreat. [[Nero]] crowned as King of [[Armenia]] [[Tigranes]], as the new ruler of [[Armenia]]. [[Corbulo]] was appointed governor of [[Syria]]. As Nero nominee in 62 CE, invaded [[Parthia]]. The war lasted till 63 CE. In 66 C.E. [[Tiridates]], a member of the Parthian royal family came to Rome to receive the diadem of [[Armenia]] from [[Nero]]’s himself. [[Nero]] rule was overthrown in 68 C.E. by a series of rebellions in the West. Betyween 67-68 CE, [[Vindex]], the governor of [[Gallia Lugdunensis]], rebelled against [[Nero]]. [[Vindex]] asked the support of [[Galba]], the governor of [[Hispania Citerior]]. However [[Virginius Rufus]], the governor of [[Germania Superior]], defeated [[Vindex]]'s forces who committed suicide. Yet, by June of 68 CE, the senate voted [[Galba]] as emperor and declared [[Nero]] a public enemy. In the same year [[Nero]] committed suicide.

	~~===Nero the Jews and Judaea===~~

	It seems that the Jews living in Rome fared well under [[Nero]]’s rule. A Jewish actor, [[Alityros]] (Aliturus), lived at his court (Josephus, Vita 3). His second wife, [[Poppaea]], according to Josephus, showed some sympathy for the Jews. However it is unclear the relationship between the Jews and the Christian community in Rome during [[Nero]]’s rule. According to [[Tacitus]], [[Nero]] had the Christians accused of the great fire in 64 CE and probably persecuted. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for [[Nero]]. Both [[Peter]] and [[Paul]] are believed to have been executed in [[Rome]] at that time. As the episode recorded happened after [[Paul]]’ coming to [[Rome]], it is possible that by then the Jewish and the Christian communities were already separated entities, that the “parting of the ways” was by then consumed. This can explain why the persecution of 64 CE is not referred by Josephus, and why [[Tacitus]] clearly defines the Christians and not the Judaeo-Christians as the targets of the persecution.

	[[Herod Agrippa II]] remained in Rome at least till 52 CE, and possibly till 56 CE, therefore well after the accession of Nero. During this period, [[Agrippa II]] was instrumental in helping two Jewish delegations meeting the Emperor. In 55 CE, [[Nero]] added to the territories of his kingdom, which from 48 CE, included [[Chalcis]], and from 53 CE, instead of it, the tetrarchies of [[Philip]] and [[Lysanias]], the cities of [[Tiberias]] and [[Taricheae]] in [[Galilee]], and [[Julias]], with fourteen villages near it, in [[Peraea]]. In [[Judaea]], proper, however, [[Nero]] was quite unsuccessful. As governor of Judaea, he first confirmed [[Antonius Felix]] (appointed by [[Claudius]] in 52 CE), then replaced him with [[Porcius Festus]] (58-62), [[Clodius Albinus]] (62-64), and [[Gessius Florus]] (64-66). None of them took any effective decision to mitigate the situation. [[Clodius Albinus]], who, corrupted by the Gentile of [[Caesarea Maritima]], in 60-62 CE asked from [[Nero]] to revoke the ''isopoliteia'' of the Jews living there. This was, according to [[Josephus]], the first step in the Jewish War. In 66 CE the population of [[Jerusalem]] rebelled against the governor [[Gessius Florus]], who appealed to [[Cestius Gallus]], governor of [[Syria]]. However his army was defeated at the [[Battle of Beth Horon]]. [[Nero]] reacted decisively only after the outbreak of the rebellion in 66, by appointing [[Vespasian]] commander-in-chief of the army in [[Judaea]].

	~~==Nero in Scholarship==~~

	~~==Nero in Fiction==~~

	~~Quo Vadis and The Sign of the Cross have made Nero one of the most malicious and unforgettable villains of the history of cinema.~~

	~~==Related categories==~~

	*[[Roman Emperors]]
	*[[Christian origins]] / [[Paul of Tarsus]] / [[Peter]]

	~~==External links==~~

	*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero#Nero_and_religion Wikipedia]


	[[Category:Index]]		[[Category:Index]]
	[[Category:People]]		[[Category:People]]

Gabriele Boccaccini at 21:07, 27 October 2011

2011-10-27T21:07:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:07, 27 October 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	*This page is edited by Samuele Rocca, Israel		*This page is edited by [[Samuele Rocca]], Israel
	*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Nero (sources)]]		*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Nero (sources)]]
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]		*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]

Gabriele Boccaccini at 21:06, 27 October 2011

2011-10-27T21:06:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:06, 27 October 2011
Line 2:		Line 2:
	*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Nero (sources)]]		*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Nero (sources)]]
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]		*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]


	'''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''' (37 - 68 CE) was the fifth and last Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dinasty.		'''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''' (37 - 68 CE) was the fifth and last Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dinasty.

Gabriele Boccaccini at 21:06, 27 October 2011

2011-10-27T21:06:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:06, 27 October 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]		*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]

	[[Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]] (37 - 68 CE) was the fifth and last Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dinasty.		'''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''' (37 - 68 CE) was the fifth and last Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dinasty.

	===Early Career===		===Early Career===

Gabriele Boccaccini: /* Nero the Jews and Judaea */

2011-10-27T21:03:48Z

Nero the Jews and Judaea

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:03, 27 October 2011
Line 11:		Line 11:

	===Nero the Jews and Judaea===		===Nero the Jews and Judaea===
	It seems that the Jews living in Rome fared well under [[Nero]]’s rule. A Jewish actor, [[Alityros]] (Aliturus), lived at his court (Josephus, Vita 3). His second wife, [[Poppaea]], according to Josephus, showed some sympathy for the Jews. However it is unclear the relationship between the Jews and the Christian community in Rome during [[Nero]]’s rule. According to [[Tacitus]], [[Nero]] had the Christians accused of the great fire in 64 ~~C.E.~~ and probably persecuted~~. Both [[Peter]] and [[Paul]] are believed to have been executed in [[Rome]] at that time~~. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for [[Nero]]. As the episode recorded happened after [[Paul]]’ coming to [[Rome]], it is possible that by then the Jewish and the Christian communities were already separated entities, that the “parting of the ways” was by then consumed. This can explain why the persecution of 64 ~~C.E.~~ is not referred by Josephus, and why [[Tacitus]] clearly defines the Christians and not the Judaeo-Christians as the targets of the persecution.
	[[Herod Agrippa II]] remained in Rome at least till 52 ~~C.E.~~, and possibly till 56 ~~C.E.~~, therefore well after the accession of Nero. During this period, [[Agrippa II]] was instrumental in helping two Jewish delegations meeting the Emperor. In 55 CE, [[Nero]] added to the territories of his kingdom, which from 48 CE, included [[Chalcis]], and from 53 CE, instead of it, the tetrarchies of [[Philip]] and [[Lysanias]], the cities of [[Tiberias]] and [[Taricheae]] in [[Galilee]], and [[Julias]], with fourteen villages near it, in [[Peraea]]. In [[Judaea]], proper, however, [[Nero]] was quite unsuccessful. As governor of Judaea, he first confirmed [[Antonius Felix]] (appointed by [[Claudius]] in 52 CE), then replaced him with [[Porcius Festus]] (58-62), [[Clodius Albinus]] (62-64), and [[Gessius Florus]] (64-66). None of them took any effective decision to mitigate the situation. [[Clodius Albinus]], who, corrupted by the Gentile of [[Caesarea Maritima]], in 60-62 ~~C.E.~~ asked from [[Nero]] to revoke the isopoliteia of the Jews living there. This was, according to [[Josephus]], the first step in the Jewish War. In 66 CE the population of [[Jerusalem]] rebelled against the governor [[Gessius Florus]], who appealed to [[Cestius Gallus]], governor of [[Syria]]. However his army was defeated at the [[Battle of Beth Horon]]. [[Nero]] reacted decisively only after the outbreak of the rebellion in 66, by appointing [[Vespasian]] commander-in-chief of the army in [[Judaea]].		It seems that the Jews living in Rome fared well under [[Nero]]’s rule. A Jewish actor, [[Alityros]] (Aliturus), lived at his court (Josephus, Vita 3). His second wife, [[Poppaea]], according to Josephus, showed some sympathy for the Jews. However it is unclear the relationship between the Jews and the Christian community in Rome during [[Nero]]’s rule. According to [[Tacitus]], [[Nero]] had the Christians accused of the great fire in 64 CE and probably persecuted. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for [[Nero]]. Both [[Peter]] and [[Paul]] are believed to have been executed in [[Rome]] at that time. As the episode recorded happened after [[Paul]]’ coming to [[Rome]], it is possible that by then the Jewish and the Christian communities were already separated entities, that the “parting of the ways” was by then consumed. This can explain why the persecution of 64 CE is not referred by Josephus, and why [[Tacitus]] clearly defines the Christians and not the Judaeo-Christians as the targets of the persecution.

			[[Herod Agrippa II]] remained in Rome at least till 52 CE, and possibly till 56 CE, therefore well after the accession of Nero. During this period, [[Agrippa II]] was instrumental in helping two Jewish delegations meeting the Emperor. In 55 CE, [[Nero]] added to the territories of his kingdom, which from 48 CE, included [[Chalcis]], and from 53 CE, instead of it, the tetrarchies of [[Philip]] and [[Lysanias]], the cities of [[Tiberias]] and [[Taricheae]] in [[Galilee]], and [[Julias]], with fourteen villages near it, in [[Peraea]]. In [[Judaea]], proper, however, [[Nero]] was quite unsuccessful. As governor of Judaea, he first confirmed [[Antonius Felix]] (appointed by [[Claudius]] in 52 CE), then replaced him with [[Porcius Festus]] (58-62), [[Clodius Albinus]] (62-64), and [[Gessius Florus]] (64-66). None of them took any effective decision to mitigate the situation. [[Clodius Albinus]], who, corrupted by the Gentile of [[Caesarea Maritima]], in 60-62 CE asked from [[Nero]] to revoke the ''isopoliteia'' of the Jews living there. This was, according to [[Josephus]], the first step in the Jewish War. In 66 CE the population of [[Jerusalem]] rebelled against the governor [[Gessius Florus]], who appealed to [[Cestius Gallus]], governor of [[Syria]]. However his army was defeated at the [[Battle of Beth Horon]]. [[Nero]] reacted decisively only after the outbreak of the rebellion in 66, by appointing [[Vespasian]] commander-in-chief of the army in [[Judaea]].

	==Nero in Scholarship==		==Nero in Scholarship==

Gabriele Boccaccini: /* Nero the Jews and Judaea */

2011-10-27T20:58:00Z

Nero the Jews and Judaea

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:58, 27 October 2011
Line 12:		Line 12:
	===Nero the Jews and Judaea===		===Nero the Jews and Judaea===
	It seems that the Jews living in Rome fared well under [[Nero]]’s rule. A Jewish actor, [[Alityros]] (Aliturus), lived at his court (Josephus, Vita 3). His second wife, [[Poppaea]], according to Josephus, showed some sympathy for the Jews. However it is unclear the relationship between the Jews and the Christian community in Rome during [[Nero]]’s rule. According to [[Tacitus]], [[Nero]] had the Christians accused of the great fire in 64 C.E. and probably persecuted. Both [[Peter]] and [[Paul]] are believed to have been executed in [[Rome]] at that time. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for [[Nero]]. As the episode recorded happened after [[Paul]]’ coming to [[Rome]], it is possible that by then the Jewish and the Christian communities were already separated entities, that the “parting of the ways” was by then consumed. This can explain why the persecution of 64 C.E. is not referred by Josephus, and why [[Tacitus]] clearly defines the Christians and not the Judaeo-Christians as the targets of the persecution.		It seems that the Jews living in Rome fared well under [[Nero]]’s rule. A Jewish actor, [[Alityros]] (Aliturus), lived at his court (Josephus, Vita 3). His second wife, [[Poppaea]], according to Josephus, showed some sympathy for the Jews. However it is unclear the relationship between the Jews and the Christian community in Rome during [[Nero]]’s rule. According to [[Tacitus]], [[Nero]] had the Christians accused of the great fire in 64 C.E. and probably persecuted. Both [[Peter]] and [[Paul]] are believed to have been executed in [[Rome]] at that time. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for [[Nero]]. As the episode recorded happened after [[Paul]]’ coming to [[Rome]], it is possible that by then the Jewish and the Christian communities were already separated entities, that the “parting of the ways” was by then consumed. This can explain why the persecution of 64 C.E. is not referred by Josephus, and why [[Tacitus]] clearly defines the Christians and not the Judaeo-Christians as the targets of the persecution.
	[[Herod Agrippa II]] remained in Rome at least till 52 C.E., and possibly till 56 C.E., therefore well after the accession of Nero. During this period, [[Agrippa II]] was instrumental in helping two Jewish delegations meeting the Emperor. In 55 CE, [[Nero]] added to the territories of his kingdom, which from 48 CE, included [[Chalcis]], and from 53 CE, instead of it, the tetrarchies of [[Philip]] and [[Lysanias]], the cities of [[Tiberias]] and [[Taricheae]] in [[Galilee]], and [[Julias]], with fourteen villages near it, in [[Peraea]]. In [[Judaea]], proper, however, [[Nero]] was quite unsuccessful. As governor of Judaea, he first confirmed [[Antonius Felix]] (appointed by [[Claudius]] in 52 CE), then replaced him with [[Porcius Festus]] (58-62), [[Clodius Albinus]] (62-64), and [[Gessius Florus]] (64-66). None of them took any effective decision to mitigate the situation. [[Clodius Albinus]], who, corrupted by the Gentile of [[Caesarea Maritima]], in 60-62 C.E. asked from [[Nero]] to revoke the isopoliteia of the Jews living there. This was, according to [[Josephus]], the first step in the Jewish War. In 66 CE the population of [[Jerusalem]] rebelled against the governor [[Gessius Florus]], who appealed to [[Cestius Gallus]], governor of [[Syria]]. However his army was defeated at [[Beth Horon]]. [[Nero]] reacted decisively only after the outbreak of the rebellion in 66, by appointing [[Vespasian]] commander-in-chief of the army in [[Judaea]].		[[Herod Agrippa II]] remained in Rome at least till 52 C.E., and possibly till 56 C.E., therefore well after the accession of Nero. During this period, [[Agrippa II]] was instrumental in helping two Jewish delegations meeting the Emperor. In 55 CE, [[Nero]] added to the territories of his kingdom, which from 48 CE, included [[Chalcis]], and from 53 CE, instead of it, the tetrarchies of [[Philip]] and [[Lysanias]], the cities of [[Tiberias]] and [[Taricheae]] in [[Galilee]], and [[Julias]], with fourteen villages near it, in [[Peraea]]. In [[Judaea]], proper, however, [[Nero]] was quite unsuccessful. As governor of Judaea, he first confirmed [[Antonius Felix]] (appointed by [[Claudius]] in 52 CE), then replaced him with [[Porcius Festus]] (58-62), [[Clodius Albinus]] (62-64), and [[Gessius Florus]] (64-66). None of them took any effective decision to mitigate the situation. [[Clodius Albinus]], who, corrupted by the Gentile of [[Caesarea Maritima]], in 60-62 C.E. asked from [[Nero]] to revoke the isopoliteia of the Jews living there. This was, according to [[Josephus]], the first step in the Jewish War. In 66 CE the population of [[Jerusalem]] rebelled against the governor [[Gessius Florus]], who appealed to [[Cestius Gallus]], governor of [[Syria]]. However his army was defeated at the [[Battle of Beth Horon]]. [[Nero]] reacted decisively only after the outbreak of the rebellion in 66, by appointing [[Vespasian]] commander-in-chief of the army in [[Judaea]].

	==Nero in Scholarship==		==Nero in Scholarship==

Roccasam at 15:35, 27 October 2011

2011-10-27T15:35:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:35, 27 October 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]		*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]

	Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (37 - 68 CE) was the fifth and last Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dinasty.		[[Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]] (37 - 68 CE) was the fifth and last Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dinasty.

	===Early Career===		===Early Career===
	Nero was born in Antium, near Rome in 37 CE as Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. He was the only son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger, sister of Gaius Caesar. In 49 CE, after that Claudius married Agrippina, Lucius Domitius was officially adopted in 50 CE and renamed Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus. As Nero was older than his step-brother, Britannicus, he became heir to the throne. Nero was proclaimed an adult in 51 CE. He was then appointed proconsul. In 53 CE, he married his step-sister Claudia Octavia.		[[Nero]] was born in [[Antium]], near Rome in 37 CE as [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus]]. He was the only son of [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] and [[Agrippina the Younger]], sister of [[Gaius Caesar]]. In 49 CE, after that [[Claudius]] married [[Agrippina]], [[Lucius Domitius]] was officially adopted in 50 CE and renamed [[Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus]]. As [[Nero]] was older than his step-brother, [[Britannicus]], he became heir to the throne. [[Nero]] was proclaimed an adult in 51 CE. He was then appointed proconsul. In 53 CE, he married his step-sister [[Claudia Octavia]].
	===Imperial Succession===		===Imperial Succession===
	Nero succeeded to Claudius in 54 CE. The ancient tradition presents Nero first five years of rule as excellent, the quinquennium neronianum. In this period the young Nero was assisted by his mother Agrippina, Burrus, the praefectus praetorius, and his tutor, Seneca the philosopher. In 55 CE, Nero had his step-brother Britannicus poisoned. From then onwards, Nero resisted the influence of his mother, and her advisors. In the same year, he removed Marcus Antonius Pallas, an ally of Agrippina, from his position in the treasury.		[[Nero]] succeeded to [[Claudius]] in 54 CE. The ancient tradition presents Nero first five years of rule as excellent, the quinquennium neronianum. In this period the young [[Nero]] was assisted by his mother [[Agrippina]], [[Burrus]], the praefectus praetorius, and his tutor, [[Seneca]] the philosopher. In 55 CE, [[Nero]] had his step-brother [[Britannicus]] poisoned. From then onwards, [[Nero]] resisted the influence of his mother, and her advisors. In the same year, he removed [[Marcus Antonius Pallas]], an ally of [[Agrippina]], from his position in the treasury. Finally in 59 CE, [[Nero]] had his mother executed. He also divorced and later executed [[Octavia]] to marry [[Poppaea Sabina]]. With the sudden death of [[Burrus]] in 62 C.E., and the retirement of [[Seneca]], [[Nero]] was to rule alone. Afterwards, surrounded by new advisors, the rule of [[Nero]] assumed the characters of a Hellenistic monarchy. In the last years of rule, [[Nero]] was assisted by the new praetorian praefectus [[Ofonius Tigellinus]]. [[Nero]] showed much sympathy to Greek culture. In 60 C.E., he introduced in Rome, public games in the Greek fashion, the Neronia, and in 66 C.E., [[Nero]] left for Greece to perform at the various Greek games. By then, [[Nero]]’s rule had become quite unpopular with the Senate. [[Nero]] executed various people between 62 and 63 CE, including [[Pallas]], G[[aius Rubellius Plautus]], [[Faustus Sulla]] and [[Doryphorus]]. [[Nero]]’s difficulties with the Senate resulted in the Pisonian conspiracy in 65 C.E. However the conspiracy was unsuccesful in consequence of a delation. Its members, including [[Seneca]], [[Lucanus]], [[Petronius Arbiter]], were either executed or committed suicide. On the other side [[Nero]] was much popular with the lower classes, which were protected with various laws. In 64 CE, a huge fire devastated the city of Rome. [[Nero]], after the great fire of Rome, erected a huge palace in the center of Rome, the Domus Aurea. Other building projects were the draining of the [[Ostia]] marshes, and an attempt to have a canal dug at the Isthmus of [[Corinth]]. [[Nero]] foreign policy was much successful. In the West in [[Britannia]] the revolt of [[Boudicca]], queen of the [[Iceni]], was repressed in 61 C.E. by the governor [[Gaius Suetonius Paulinus]]. In the East [[Armenia]] was brought from Parthian vassalage to Roman influence. In 55 CE, the kingdom of [[Armenia]] overthrew the pro-Roman ruler [[Rhadamistus]], replacing him with the Parthian prince Tiridates. Nero sent in his general [[Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo]], who defeated the Parthians. Once more in 58 CE, the Parthian king [[Vologases I]] invaded [[Armenia]]. [[Corbulo]] defeated the invaders and [[Tiridates]] had to retreat. [[Nero]] crowned as King of [[Armenia]] [[Tigranes]], as the new ruler of [[Armenia]]. [[Corbulo]] was appointed governor of [[Syria]]. As Nero nominee in 62 CE, invaded [[Parthia]]. The war lasted till 63 CE. In 66 C.E. [[Tiridates]], a member of the Parthian royal family came to Rome to receive the diadem of [[Armenia]] from [[Nero]]’s himself. [[Nero]] rule was overthrown in 68 C.E. by a series of rebellions in the West. Betyween 67-68 CE, [[Vindex]], the governor of [[Gallia Lugdunensis]], rebelled against [[Nero]]. [[Vindex]] asked the support of [[Galba]], the governor of [[Hispania Citerior]]. However [[Virginius Rufus]], the governor of [[Germania Superior]], defeated [[Vindex]]'s forces who committed suicide. Yet, by June of 68 CE, the senate voted [[Galba]] as emperor and declared [[Nero]] a public enemy. In the same year [[Nero]] committed suicide.
	Finally in 59 CE, Nero had his mother executed. He also divorced and later executed Octavia to marry Poppaea Sabina. With the sudden death of Burrus in 62 C.E., and the retirement of Seneca, Nero was to rule alone. Afterwards, surrounded by new advisors, the rule of Nero assumed the characters of a Hellenistic monarchy. In the last years of rule, Nero was assisted by the new praetorian praefectus Ofonius Tigellinus. Nero showed much sympathy to Greek culture. In 60 C.E., he introduced in Rome, public games in the Greek fashion, the Neronia, and in 66 C.E., Nero left for Greece to perform at the various Greek games. By then, ~~Nero’s~~ rule had become quite unpopular with the Senate. Nero executed various people between 62 and 63 CE, including Pallas, ~~Gaius~~ Rubellius Plautus, Faustus Sulla and Doryphorus. ~~Nero’s~~ difficulties with the Senate resulted in the Pisonian conspiracy in 65 C.E. However the conspiracy was unsuccesful in consequence of a delation. Its members, including Seneca, Lucanus, Petronius Arbiter, were either executed or committed suicide. On the other side Nero was much popular with the lower classes, which were protected with various laws.
	In 64 CE, a huge fire devastated the city of Rome. Nero, ~~After~~ the great fire of Rome, erected a huge palace in the center of Rome, the Domus Aurea. Other building projects were the draining of the Ostia marshes, and an attempt to have a canal dug at the Isthmus of Corinth. Nero foreign policy was much successful. In the West in ~~Britain~~ the revolt of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, was repressed in 61 C.E. by the governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. In the East Armenia was brought from Parthian vassalage to Roman influence. In 55 CE, the kingdom of Armenia overthrew the pro-Roman ruler Rhadamistus, replacing him with the Parthian prince Tiridates. Nero sent in his general
	Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, who defeated the Parthians. Once more in 58 CE, the Parthian king Vologases I invaded Armenia. Corbulo defeated the invaders and Tiridates had to retreat. Nero crowned as King of Armenia Tigranes, as the new ruler of Armenia. Corbulo was appointed governor of Syria. As Nero nominee in 62 CE, invaded Parthia. The war lasted till 63 CE. In 66 C.E. Tiridates, a member of the Parthian royal family came to Rome to receive the diadem of Armenia from ~~Nero’s~~ himself. Nero rule was overthrown in 68 C.E. by a series of rebellions in the West. Betyween 67-68 CE, Vindex, the governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, rebelled against of Nero. Vindex asked the support of Galba, the governor of Hispania Citerior ~~in Spain~~. However Virginius Rufus, the governor of ~~superior Germany~~, defeated Vindex's forces who committed suicide. ~~However~~ by June of 68 CE, the senate voted Galba ~~the~~ emperor and declared Nero a public enemy. In the same year Nero committed suicide.

	===Nero the Jews and Judaea===		===Nero the Jews and Judaea===
	It seems that the Jews living in Rome fared well under ~~Nero’s~~ rule. A Jewish actor, Alityros (Aliturus), lived at his court (Josephus, Vita 3). His second wife, Poppaea, according to Josephus, showed some sympathy for the Jews. However it is unclear the relationship between the Jews and the Christian community in Rome during ~~Nero’s~~ rule. According to Tacitus, Nero had the Christians accused of the great fire in 64 C.E. and probably persecuted. Both Peter and Paul are believed to have been executed in Rome at that time. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for Nero. As the episode recorded happened after ~~Paul’~~ coming to Rome, it is possible that by then the Jewish and the Christian communities were already separated entities, that the “parting of the ways” was by then consumed. This can explain why the persecution of 64 C.E. is not referred by Josephus, and why Tacitus clearly defines the Christians and not the Judaeo-Christians as the targets of the persecution.		It seems that the Jews living in Rome fared well under [[Nero]]’s rule. A Jewish actor, [[Alityros]] (Aliturus), lived at his court (Josephus, Vita 3). His second wife, [[Poppaea]], according to Josephus, showed some sympathy for the Jews. However it is unclear the relationship between the Jews and the Christian community in Rome during [[Nero]]’s rule. According to [[Tacitus]], [[Nero]] had the Christians accused of the great fire in 64 C.E. and probably persecuted. Both [[Peter]] and [[Paul]] are believed to have been executed in [[Rome]] at that time. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for [[Nero]]. As the episode recorded happened after [[Paul]]’ coming to [[Rome]], it is possible that by then the Jewish and the Christian communities were already separated entities, that the “parting of the ways” was by then consumed. This can explain why the persecution of 64 C.E. is not referred by Josephus, and why [[Tacitus]] clearly defines the Christians and not the Judaeo-Christians as the targets of the persecution.
	Herod Agrippa II remained in Rome at least till 52 C.E., and possibly till 56 C.E., therefore well after the accession of Nero. During this period, Agrippa II was instrumental in helping two Jewish delegations meeting the Emperor. In 55 CE, Nero added to the territories of his kingdom, which from 48 CE, included Chalcis, and from 53 CE, instead of it the tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias, the cities of Tiberias and Taricheae in Galilee, and Julias, with fourteen villages near it, in Peraea. In Judaea, proper, however, Nero was quite unsuccessful. As governor of ~~Judea~~, he first confirmed Felix (appointed by Claudius in 52 CE), then replaced him with Porcius Festus (58-62), Clodius Albinus (62-64), and Gessius Florus (64-66). None of them took any effective decision to mitigate the situation. Clodius Albinus, who, corrupted by the Gentile of Caesarea Maritima, in 60-62 C.E. asked from Nero to revoke the isopoliteia of the Jews living ~~in Caesarea Maritima~~. This was, according to Josephus, the first step in the Jewish War. In 66 CE the population of Jerusalem rebelled against the governor Gessius Florus, who appealed to Cestius Gallus, governor of Syria. However his army was defeated at Beth Horon. Nero reacted decisively only after the outbreak of the rebellion in 66, by appointing Vespasian commander-in-chief of the army in ~~Judea~~.		[[Herod Agrippa II]] remained in Rome at least till 52 C.E., and possibly till 56 C.E., therefore well after the accession of Nero. During this period, [[Agrippa II]] was instrumental in helping two Jewish delegations meeting the Emperor. In 55 CE, [[Nero]] added to the territories of his kingdom, which from 48 CE, included [[Chalcis]], and from 53 CE, instead of it, the tetrarchies of [[Philip]] and [[Lysanias]], the cities of [[Tiberias]] and [[Taricheae]] in [[Galilee]], and [[Julias]], with fourteen villages near it, in [[Peraea]]. In [[Judaea]], proper, however, [[Nero]] was quite unsuccessful. As governor of Judaea, he first confirmed [[Antonius Felix]] (appointed by [[Claudius]] in 52 CE), then replaced him with [[Porcius Festus]] (58-62), [[Clodius Albinus]] (62-64), and [[Gessius Florus]] (64-66). None of them took any effective decision to mitigate the situation. [[Clodius Albinus]], who, corrupted by the Gentile of [[Caesarea Maritima]], in 60-62 C.E. asked from [[Nero]] to revoke the isopoliteia of the Jews living there. This was, according to [[Josephus]], the first step in the Jewish War. In 66 CE the population of [[Jerusalem]] rebelled against the governor [[Gessius Florus]], who appealed to [[Cestius Gallus]], governor of [[Syria]]. However his army was defeated at [[Beth Horon]]. [[Nero]] reacted decisively only after the outbreak of the rebellion in 66, by appointing [[Vespasian]] commander-in-chief of the army in [[Judaea]].

	==Nero in Scholarship==		==Nero in Scholarship==

Roccasam at 15:19, 27 October 2011

2011-10-27T15:19:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 27 October 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]		*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]

			Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (37 - 68 CE) was the fifth and last Emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dinasty.

	~~'''~~Nero~~''' (~~37 CE - 68 CE) was the ~~fifth Roman Emperor~~, from 54 to his suicide in 68.		===Early Career===
			Nero was born in Antium, near Rome in 37 CE as Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. He was the only son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger, sister of Gaius Caesar. In 49 CE, after that Claudius married Agrippina, Lucius Domitius was officially adopted in 50 CE and renamed Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus. As Nero was older than his step-brother, Britannicus, he became heir to the throne. Nero was proclaimed an adult in 51 CE. He was then appointed proconsul. In 53 CE, he married his step-sister Claudia Octavia.
			===Imperial Succession===
			Nero succeeded to Claudius in 54 CE. The ancient tradition presents Nero first five years of rule as excellent, the quinquennium neronianum. In this period the young Nero was assisted by his mother Agrippina, Burrus, the praefectus praetorius, and his tutor, Seneca the philosopher. In 55 CE, Nero had his step-brother Britannicus poisoned. From then onwards, Nero resisted the influence of his mother, and her advisors. In the same year, he removed Marcus Antonius Pallas, an ally of Agrippina, from his position in the treasury.
			Finally in 59 CE, Nero had his mother executed. He also divorced and later executed Octavia to marry Poppaea Sabina. With the sudden death of Burrus in 62 C.E., and the retirement of Seneca, Nero was to rule alone. Afterwards, surrounded by new advisors, the rule of Nero assumed the characters of a Hellenistic monarchy. In the last years of rule, Nero was assisted by the new praetorian praefectus Ofonius Tigellinus. Nero showed much sympathy to Greek culture. In 60 C.E., he introduced in Rome, public games in the Greek fashion, the Neronia, and in 66 C.E., Nero left for Greece to perform at the various Greek games. By then, Nero’s rule had become quite unpopular with the Senate. Nero executed various people between 62 and 63 CE, including Pallas, Gaius Rubellius Plautus, Faustus Sulla and Doryphorus. Nero’s difficulties with the Senate resulted in the Pisonian conspiracy in 65 C.E. However the conspiracy was unsuccesful in consequence of a delation. Its members, including Seneca, Lucanus, Petronius Arbiter, were either executed or committed suicide. On the other side Nero was much popular with the lower classes, which were protected with various laws.
			In 64 CE, a huge fire devastated the city of Rome. Nero, After the great fire of Rome, erected a huge palace in the center of Rome, the Domus Aurea. Other building projects were the draining of the Ostia marshes, and an attempt to have a canal dug at the Isthmus of Corinth. Nero foreign policy was much successful. In the West in Britain the revolt of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, was repressed in 61 C.E. by the governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. In the East Armenia was brought from Parthian vassalage to Roman influence. In 55 CE, the kingdom of Armenia overthrew the pro-Roman ruler Rhadamistus, replacing him with the Parthian prince Tiridates. Nero sent in his general
			Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, who defeated the Parthians. Once more in 58 CE, the Parthian king Vologases I invaded Armenia. Corbulo defeated the invaders and Tiridates had to retreat. Nero crowned as King of Armenia Tigranes, as the new ruler of Armenia. Corbulo was appointed governor of Syria. As Nero nominee in 62 CE, invaded Parthia. The war lasted till 63 CE. In 66 C.E. Tiridates, a member of the Parthian royal family came to Rome to receive the diadem of Armenia from Nero’s himself. Nero rule was overthrown in 68 C.E. by a series of rebellions in the West. Betyween 67-68 CE, Vindex, the governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, rebelled against of Nero. Vindex asked the support of Galba, the governor of Hispania Citerior in Spain. However Virginius Rufus, the governor of superior Germany, defeated Vindex's forces who committed suicide. However by June of 68 CE, the senate voted Galba the emperor and declared Nero a public enemy. In the same year Nero committed suicide.

	==~~Overview~~==		===Nero the Jews and Judaea===
			It seems that the Jews living in Rome fared well under Nero’s rule. A Jewish actor, Alityros (Aliturus), lived at his court (Josephus, Vita 3). His second wife, Poppaea, according to Josephus, showed some sympathy for the Jews. However it is unclear the relationship between the Jews and the Christian community in Rome during Nero’s rule. According to Tacitus, Nero had the Christians accused of the great fire in 64 C.E. and probably persecuted. Both Peter and Paul are believed to have been executed in Rome at that time. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for Nero. As the episode recorded happened after Paul’ coming to Rome, it is possible that by then the Jewish and the Christian communities were already separated entities, that the “parting of the ways” was by then consumed. This can explain why the persecution of 64 C.E. is not referred by Josephus, and why Tacitus clearly defines the Christians and not the Judaeo-Christians as the targets of the persecution.
	Nero ~~was~~ the ~~fifth and last ruler of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.~~		Herod Agrippa II remained in Rome at least till 52 C.E., and possibly till 56 C.E., therefore well after the accession of Nero. During this period, Agrippa II was instrumental in helping two Jewish delegations meeting the Emperor. In 55 CE, Nero added to the territories of his kingdom, which from 48 CE, included Chalcis, and from 53 CE, instead of it the tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias, the cities of Tiberias and Taricheae in Galilee, and Julias, with fourteen villages near it, in Peraea. In Judaea, proper, however, Nero was quite unsuccessful. As governor of Judea, he first confirmed Felix (appointed by Claudius in 52 CE), then replaced him with Porcius Festus (58-62), Clodius Albinus (62-64), and Gessius Florus (64-66). None of them took any effective decision to mitigate the situation. Clodius Albinus, who, corrupted by the Gentile of Caesarea Maritima, in 60-62 C.E. asked from Nero to revoke the isopoliteia of the Jews living in Caesarea Maritima. This was, according to Josephus, the first step in the Jewish War. In 66 CE the population of Jerusalem rebelled against the governor Gessius Florus, who appealed to Cestius Gallus, governor of Syria. However his army was defeated at Beth Horon. Nero reacted decisively only after the outbreak of the rebellion in 66, by appointing Vespasian commander-in-chief of the army in Judea.

	~~He was born in 37 CE~~ and reigned from 54 (after [[Claudius]], by whom he was adopted) to 68 (followed by the Year of the Four Emperors). Nero had Claudius's son, Britannicus, murdered (in 55), and executed both his mother (in 59) and his wife, Octavia (in 62). He later married his mistress [[Poppaea]].

	~~In 68, a series of revolts led to his suicide.~~

	===~~=Nero and~~ the Jews~~====~~

	Nero showed many favors to the Jewish people and the Herodian family. He bestowed the kingdom of Lesser Armenia upon Aristobulus, son of [[Herod of Chalcis]], and added four important cities (among which were Tiberias and Tarichea in ~~Galilee) with their surrounding districts to the dominions of [[Herod Agrippa II]].~~

	~~The Jews of~~ Rome ~~were~~ well ~~treated~~ under ~~his government~~. A Jewish actor, Alityros (Aliturus), lived at his court (Josephus, Vita 3). His second wife, Poppaea, according to Josephus showed some sympathy for the Jews.

	In ~~Judea, however~~, Nero ~~failed~~ to ~~prevent~~ the ~~outbreak~~ of the ~~Jewish War~~. As governor in Judea, he first confirmed [[Felix]] (appointed by Claudius in 52), then replaced him with [[Festus]] (58-62), [[Albinus]] (62-64), and [[Florus]] (64-66). None of them took any effective decision to mitigate the situation. ~~In vain Cestius Gallus~~, the ~~governor~~ of ~~Syria~~, ~~informed~~ Nero of the ~~deterioration~~ of ~~affairs in Judea~~. Nero reacted decisively only after the outbreak of the rebellion in 66, by appointing [[Vespasian]] commander-in-chief of the army in Judea.

	Nero has also the reputation of being the first persecutor of Christianity. In 64, he accused the Christians of starting the fire that burned half of Rome. Both [[Peter]] and [[Paul]] are believed to have been executed in Rome at that time. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for Nero.

	==Nero in Scholarship==		==Nero in Scholarship==

Roccasam at 15:01, 27 October 2011

2011-10-27T15:01:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:01, 27 October 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
			*This page is edited by Samuele Rocca, Israel
	*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Nero (sources)]]		*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Nero (sources)]]
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]		*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Nero (subject)]]

Gabriele Boccaccini at 16:37, 14 October 2011

2011-10-14T16:37:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:37, 14 October 2011
Line 22:		Line 22:

	Nero has also the reputation of being the first persecutor of Christianity. In 64, he accused the Christians of starting the fire that burned half of Rome. Both [[Peter]] and [[Paul]] are believed to have been executed in Rome at that time. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for Nero.		Nero has also the reputation of being the first persecutor of Christianity. In 64, he accused the Christians of starting the fire that burned half of Rome. Both [[Peter]] and [[Paul]] are believed to have been executed in Rome at that time. It is usually contended that the number 666 of the evil beast in Revelation (13:17-18) is a code for Nero.

	~~==Nero in ancient sources==~~

	~~====Josephus====~~

	~~War 1.20-23; 2.248-253; 3.1-8; 4.491-497.~~

	~~Antiquities 20.150-162, 182-184, 194-195, 252-259.~~

	~~====Tacitus====~~

	~~Annals 13.1-5, 12-21, 25, 29, 31, 34, 45-52;~~

	~~14.1-16, 20-22, 39, 50- 65; 15.18, 22-23, 33-74;~~

	~~16.1-3, 6-8, 10-11, 14, 18-26, 30.~~

	~~====Suetonius====~~

	~~Live of the Twelve Caesars: Nero~~

	~~====Cassius Dio====~~

	~~Roman History 60.31-35; 61.1-21; 62.13-29; 63.1-29~~

	~~====Philostratus====~~

	~~Life of Apollonius 4.44~~

	~~====Later Christian and Rabbinic Tradition====~~

	==Nero in Scholarship==		==Nero in Scholarship==