Hadrian - Revision history

Gabriele Boccaccini: Redirected page to Category:Hadrian (subject)

2012-02-19T13:12:18Z

Redirected page to Category:Hadrian (subject)

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:12, 19 February 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	*This page is edited by [[Samuele Rocca]], Israel		#REDIRECT [[:Category: Hadrian (subject)]]
	*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Hadrian (sources)]]
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category: Hadrian (subject)]]


	~~====Overview====~~

	[[Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus]] succeeded to [[Trajan]] in unclear circumstances in 117 CE and ruled till 137 CE. He was the third and the last of the adopted emperors. [[Hadrian]] was a polyhedric figure; a humanist and a philellene, he also reformed Roman jurisprudence, and between else he rebuilt the [[Pantheon]] in Rome. Hadrian also widely traveled, visiting most of the provinces of the Empire, in [[Britain]], where he erected the wall, [[North Africa]] and [[Egypt]], where his lover [[Antinoos]] drowned, [[Greece]], where he created the [[Panhellenion]], Asia, and [[Judaea]], which after the [[Bar Kochba Wa]]r was renamed [[Syria – Palaestina]]. Hadrian’ succession was much problematic, and in the end he appointed [[Antoninus Pius]] as his successor.


	~~====Early Career====~~

	[[Hadrian]] was born in [[Italica]] in [[Hispania Baetica]] in 76 CE. His father, a paternal cousin of the future Emperor [[Trajan]], was Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, a senator of praetorian rank. Both parents of [[Hadrian]] died in 86 CE. Hadrian then became a ward of [[Trajan]] and Publius Acilius Attianus, later the Praetorian Prefect under Trajan. From an earlier age [[Hadrian]] showed much partiality to Greek culture, and he was soon nicknamed Graeculus. His cursus honorum begun as tribunus of the Legio II Adiutrix in 95 CE in [[Pannonia Inferior]], and then, in 96 CE as tribunus of the Legio V Macedonicae in [[Moesia Inferior]], and in 97 CE as tribunus of the Legio XXII Primigeniae Piae Fidelis in [[Germania Superior]]. He was appointed praetor in 106 CE. In the same year he was appointed legatus legionis I Minerviae Piae Fidelis in [[Germania Inferior]], and in the following year he fulfilled the task of governor of the province of [[Lower Pannonia]] as legatus Augusti pro praetore. In 108 CE he was appointed consul suffectus. Hadrian followed [[Trajan]] in the [[Parthian War]] as governor of [[Syria]], legatus Syriae.

	~~====Imperial Succession====~~

	[[Hadrian]] was made emperor in unclear circumstances, probably favored by [[Plotina]], [[Trajan]]’s wife. One of the first acts of his rule was the execution of four consulares arrested by C. Attianus, the praetorian prefect, between them [[Lusius Quietus]] and Cornelius Palma. [[Hadrian]], immediately after his accession to the throne surrendered [[Trajan]]’s conquests in [[Mesopotamia]]. A war with [[Parthia]] was averted in 121 CE, and resulted in a negotiated settlement with the Parthian king [[Osrohes I]]. Contrary to [[Trajan]], his aggressive predecessor; [[Hadrian]] promoted during his reign a defensive policy. [[Hadrian]] was known for his visits to the provinces. Thus between 121-125 C.E., [[Hadrian]] toured the western part of the Empire, [[Germany]] and the [[Rhine – Danube frontier]], [[Britain]], [[Spain]], [[Mauretania]] and [[Africa]], and then [[Asia Minor]] and [[Greece]]. On the borders along the Danube and the Rhine, he continued the policy of his Flavian predecessors, and erected a series of watchtowers, legionary and auxiliary forts. In [[Britannia]], where a rebellion took place between 119 and 121 CE, during his visit, [[Hadrian]] strengthened the border in [[Britannia]] with the erection of his wall. Its purpose was to prevent future possible invasions from the northern country of Caledonia. Yet [[Hadrian]] wall was not successful, as his successor, [[Antoninus Pius]], had to erect another one, the [[Antonine Wall]], further North. In 123 CE, he arrived in [[Mauretania]] where he personally led a campaign against local rebels. His policy of pacification in [[North Africa]] was as well quite unsuccessful, as once more his successor had to cope with local rebellions. He then continued to the East, and to Asia. There in [[Bythinia]], he visited the city of [[Nicomedia]], which had been stricken by an earthquake. It was probably during a visit of [[Claudiopolis]], that he met the young [[Antinous]]. From [[asia Minor]], [[Hadrian]] moved in 124 CE to [[Greece]], where he visited Athens, took part in the Eleusinian mysteries, and had the [[Temple of Zeus Olympios]] rebuilt. [[Hadrian]] was deeply attached to Greek culture. As philosopher, he favored the epicureans [[Epictetus]], [[Heliodorus]] and [[Favorinus]]. In 125 C.E. he created the [[Panhellenion]], to bind all the semi-autonomous former city states across all [[Greece] and [[Asia Minor]], with its seat at [[Athens]]. As many of Hadrian’s projects, the [[Panhellenion]] was a failure as well. Between the years 129-134 C.E. [[Hadrian]] once more made similar travels in Eastern provinces including [[Egypt]]. Thus he came back to [[Greece]], visited [[Ephesos]], [[Judaea]][ in 130, where on the ruins of [[Jerusalem]], he founded the colony of [[Aelia Capitolina]]. From there he arrived in [[Egypt]]. During a cruising on the Nile, [[Antinoos]], by now [[Hadrian]]’s lover, drowned. [[Hadrian]] founded the city of [[Antinoopolis]] in his honor. Between 131-132 CE, he was in [[Athens]], and when the [[Bar Kochba rebellion]] broke out, he took the command in the first years of the war. In 133 CE, [[Hadrian]] was back at Rome. [[Hadrian]]’s policy in Italy was quite problematic, making of it in fact a country not different from the surrounding provinces. Italy was divided in four juridical districts, appointing to each of these an official of consular rank, the quattuoviri consulares. Thus Italy was in fact reduced to the legal condition of a province. Hadrian reorganized as well Roman law. The Consilium Principis, an informal council, included the distinguished jurist [[Salvius Iulianus]]. With [[Hadrian]], the Praetor edict cease to be source of law, it became permanent code which the magistrates had to administer as it was, without alterations. However from [[Hadrian]]’s onwards, a clear legal division between humiliores and honestiores took the place of the division between Roman citizens and peregrini. Hadrian was also an important architect. At Rome, [[Hadrian]] erected the [[Pantheon]], the Temple of Venus and Roma. It seems that Hadrian had the architect [[Apollodorus of Damascus], who planned the Forum of Trajanus, executed. However to Rome, Hadrian preferred to reside in his Villa at Tivoli. In 136 C.E. Hadrian had his brother in law, [[Julius Ursus Servianus]], executed who was accused to conspirate to make emperor his grandson [[Cn. Pedianus Fuscus]]. In 136 C.E., [[Hadrian]] adopted one of the ordinary consuls of that year, [[Lucius Ceionius Commodus]], who took the name [[Lucius Aelius Caesar]]. [[Aelius Caesar]] died in 138 C.E. Following Aelius’s death [[Hadrian]] next adopted [[Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus]] (the future emperor [[Antoninus Pius]]. Hadrian died in 138 CE.


	~~==== Hadrian and the Jews ====~~

	During his travels in the East, in 130 C.E. [[Jerusalem]] then in ruin was refounded as the colony of [[Aelia Capitolina]]. It seems that [[Hadrian]] wanted to erect a temple to the Capitoline Triad on the [[Temple Mount]]. A temple dedicated to Venus was located in the forum. Probably in this year as well, [[Hadrian]] published an edict forbidding circumcision. The revolt of [[Bar Kochba]] exploded in 132 CE, when [[Tineius Rufus]] was the senatorial governor of [[Judaea]]. The leaders of the revolt were [[Shimon Bar Kochba]], a priest named [[E’lazar]], and, according to Rabbinic sources, [[Rabbi Akiva]]. The revolt, which soon transformed in a full war continued till 135 C.E. Together with the Legio VI Ferrata and the Legio X Fretensis, other legions were called in, the Legio III Gallica, Legio III Cyrenaica, the Legio XXII Deiotariana, and the Legio X Gemina. Yet, Roman losses were very heavy, and it seems that an entire legion, the XXII Deiotariana was wiped out. The Jewish leader [[Shimon Bar Kochba]], known as Nasi or president minted coinage. Hadrian at the beginning of the revolt took the command, and then, when he left he appointed [[Sextus Julius Severus]], who was called from [[Britain]], to command the Roman army in [[Judaea]]. It seems that troops were brought from as far as the [[Danube]]. After bitter guerrilla fighting, the Jewish settlement in [[Judaea]] was totally wiped out. According to [[Cassius Dio]], during the war 580,000 Jews were killed, 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. The last epic battle took place in [[Beitar]], a fortified city 10 km. southwest of Jerusalem. [[Bar Kochba]], the Jewish leader was killed during the battle. The province of [[Judaea]] was renamed [[Syria-Palaestina]].


	~~== Hadrian in ancient sources==~~

	~~== Hadrian in Scholarship==~~

	~~== Hadrian in Fiction==~~

	~~==Related categories==~~

	*[[Roman Emperors]]

	~~==External links==~~

	*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian Wikipedia]

	*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=47&letter=H&search=Hadrian Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)]


	[[Category:Index]]		[[Category:Index]]
	[[Category:People]]		[[Category:People]]

Roccasam at 18:22, 17 January 2012

2012-01-17T18:22:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:22, 17 January 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
			*This page is edited by [[Samuele Rocca]], Israel
	*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Hadrian (sources)]]		*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Hadrian (sources)]]
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Hadrian (subject)]]		*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category: Hadrian (subject)]]


	~~'''Hadrian''' (76-138) was the fourteenth Roman Emperor, from 117 to 138 CE.~~		====Overview====

	~~==Biography==~~		[[Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus]] succeeded to [[Trajan]] in unclear circumstances in 117 CE and ruled till 137 CE. He was the third and the last of the adopted emperors. [[Hadrian]] was a polyhedric figure; a humanist and a philellene, he also reformed Roman jurisprudence, and between else he rebuilt the [[Pantheon]] in Rome. Hadrian also widely traveled, visiting most of the provinces of the Empire, in [[Britain]], where he erected the wall, [[North Africa]] and [[Egypt]], where his lover [[Antinoos]] drowned, [[Greece]], where he created the [[Panhellenion]], Asia, and [[Judaea]], which after the [[Bar Kochba Wa]]r was renamed [[Syria – Palaestina]]. Hadrian’ succession was much problematic, and in the end he appointed [[Antoninus Pius]] as his successor.

	~~Hadrian was the third ruler of the Nervan-Antonian dinasty. He reigned from 117 (after [[:Category:Trajan (subject)\|Trajan]]) to 138 (followed by ''Antoninus Pius'').~~

	====~~Hadrian and the Jews~~====		====Early Career====

	==Hadrian in ~~ancient sources==~~		[[Hadrian]] was born in [[Italica]] in [[Hispania Baetica]] in 76 CE. His father, a paternal cousin of the future Emperor [[Trajan]], was Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, a senator of praetorian rank. Both parents of [[Hadrian]] died in 86 CE. Hadrian then became a ward of [[Trajan]] and Publius Acilius Attianus, later the Praetorian Prefect under Trajan. From an earlier age [[Hadrian]] showed much partiality to Greek culture, and he was soon nicknamed Graeculus. His cursus honorum begun as tribunus of the Legio II Adiutrix in 95 CE in [[Pannonia Inferior]], and then, in 96 CE as tribunus of the Legio V Macedonicae in [[Moesia Inferior]], and in 97 CE as tribunus of the Legio XXII Primigeniae Piae Fidelis in [[Germania Superior]]. He was appointed praetor in 106 CE. In the same year he was appointed legatus legionis I Minerviae Piae Fidelis in [[Germania Inferior]], and in the following year he fulfilled the task of governor of the province of [[Lower Pannonia]] as legatus Augusti pro praetore. In 108 CE he was appointed consul suffectus. Hadrian followed [[Trajan]] in the [[Parthian War]] as governor of [[Syria]], legatus Syriae.

	==~~Hadrian in Scholarship~~==		====Imperial Succession====

	==Hadrian in Fiction==		[[Hadrian]] was made emperor in unclear circumstances, probably favored by [[Plotina]], [[Trajan]]’s wife. One of the first acts of his rule was the execution of four consulares arrested by C. Attianus, the praetorian prefect, between them [[Lusius Quietus]] and Cornelius Palma. [[Hadrian]], immediately after his accession to the throne surrendered [[Trajan]]’s conquests in [[Mesopotamia]]. A war with [[Parthia]] was averted in 121 CE, and resulted in a negotiated settlement with the Parthian king [[Osrohes I]]. Contrary to [[Trajan]], his aggressive predecessor; [[Hadrian]] promoted during his reign a defensive policy. [[Hadrian]] was known for his visits to the provinces. Thus between 121-125 C.E., [[Hadrian]] toured the western part of the Empire, [[Germany]] and the [[Rhine – Danube frontier]], [[Britain]], [[Spain]], [[Mauretania]] and [[Africa]], and then [[Asia Minor]] and [[Greece]]. On the borders along the Danube and the Rhine, he continued the policy of his Flavian predecessors, and erected a series of watchtowers, legionary and auxiliary forts. In [[Britannia]], where a rebellion took place between 119 and 121 CE, during his visit, [[Hadrian]] strengthened the border in [[Britannia]] with the erection of his wall. Its purpose was to prevent future possible invasions from the northern country of Caledonia. Yet [[Hadrian]] wall was not successful, as his successor, [[Antoninus Pius]], had to erect another one, the [[Antonine Wall]], further North. In 123 CE, he arrived in [[Mauretania]] where he personally led a campaign against local rebels. His policy of pacification in [[North Africa]] was as well quite unsuccessful, as once more his successor had to cope with local rebellions. He then continued to the East, and to Asia. There in [[Bythinia]], he visited the city of [[Nicomedia]], which had been stricken by an earthquake. It was probably during a visit of [[Claudiopolis]], that he met the young [[Antinous]]. From [[asia Minor]], [[Hadrian]] moved in 124 CE to [[Greece]], where he visited Athens, took part in the Eleusinian mysteries, and had the [[Temple of Zeus Olympios]] rebuilt. [[Hadrian]] was deeply attached to Greek culture. As philosopher, he favored the epicureans [[Epictetus]], [[Heliodorus]] and [[Favorinus]]. In 125 C.E. he created the [[Panhellenion]], to bind all the semi-autonomous former city states across all [[Greece] and [[Asia Minor]], with its seat at [[Athens]]. As many of Hadrian’s projects, the [[Panhellenion]] was a failure as well. Between the years 129-134 C.E. [[Hadrian]] once more made similar travels in Eastern provinces including [[Egypt]]. Thus he came back to [[Greece]], visited [[Ephesos]], [[Judaea]][ in 130, where on the ruins of [[Jerusalem]], he founded the colony of [[Aelia Capitolina]]. From there he arrived in [[Egypt]]. During a cruising on the Nile, [[Antinoos]], by now [[Hadrian]]’s lover, drowned. [[Hadrian]] founded the city of [[Antinoopolis]] in his honor. Between 131-132 CE, he was in [[Athens]], and when the [[Bar Kochba rebellion]] broke out, he took the command in the first years of the war. In 133 CE, [[Hadrian]] was back at Rome. [[Hadrian]]’s policy in Italy was quite problematic, making of it in fact a country not different from the surrounding provinces. Italy was divided in four juridical districts, appointing to each of these an official of consular rank, the quattuoviri consulares. Thus Italy was in fact reduced to the legal condition of a province. Hadrian reorganized as well Roman law. The Consilium Principis, an informal council, included the distinguished jurist [[Salvius Iulianus]]. With [[Hadrian]], the Praetor edict cease to be source of law, it became permanent code which the magistrates had to administer as it was, without alterations. However from [[Hadrian]]’s onwards, a clear legal division between humiliores and honestiores took the place of the division between Roman citizens and peregrini. Hadrian was also an important architect. At Rome, [[Hadrian]] erected the [[Pantheon]], the Temple of Venus and Roma. It seems that Hadrian had the architect [[Apollodorus of Damascus], who planned the Forum of Trajanus, executed. However to Rome, Hadrian preferred to reside in his Villa at Tivoli. In 136 C.E. Hadrian had his brother in law, [[Julius Ursus Servianus]], executed who was accused to conspirate to make emperor his grandson [[Cn. Pedianus Fuscus]]. In 136 C.E., [[Hadrian]] adopted one of the ordinary consuls of that year, [[Lucius Ceionius Commodus]], who took the name [[Lucius Aelius Caesar]]. [[Aelius Caesar]] died in 138 C.E. Following Aelius’s death [[Hadrian]] next adopted [[Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus]] (the future emperor [[Antoninus Pius]]. Hadrian died in 138 CE.


			==== Hadrian and the Jews ====

			During his travels in the East, in 130 C.E. [[Jerusalem]] then in ruin was refounded as the colony of [[Aelia Capitolina]]. It seems that [[Hadrian]] wanted to erect a temple to the Capitoline Triad on the [[Temple Mount]]. A temple dedicated to Venus was located in the forum. Probably in this year as well, [[Hadrian]] published an edict forbidding circumcision. The revolt of [[Bar Kochba]] exploded in 132 CE, when [[Tineius Rufus]] was the senatorial governor of [[Judaea]]. The leaders of the revolt were [[Shimon Bar Kochba]], a priest named [[E’lazar]], and, according to Rabbinic sources, [[Rabbi Akiva]]. The revolt, which soon transformed in a full war continued till 135 C.E. Together with the Legio VI Ferrata and the Legio X Fretensis, other legions were called in, the Legio III Gallica, Legio III Cyrenaica, the Legio XXII Deiotariana, and the Legio X Gemina. Yet, Roman losses were very heavy, and it seems that an entire legion, the XXII Deiotariana was wiped out. The Jewish leader [[Shimon Bar Kochba]], known as Nasi or president minted coinage. Hadrian at the beginning of the revolt took the command, and then, when he left he appointed [[Sextus Julius Severus]], who was called from [[Britain]], to command the Roman army in [[Judaea]]. It seems that troops were brought from as far as the [[Danube]]. After bitter guerrilla fighting, the Jewish settlement in [[Judaea]] was totally wiped out. According to [[Cassius Dio]], during the war 580,000 Jews were killed, 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. The last epic battle took place in [[Beitar]], a fortified city 10 km. southwest of Jerusalem. [[Bar Kochba]], the Jewish leader was killed during the battle. The province of [[Judaea]] was renamed [[Syria-Palaestina]].


			== Hadrian in ancient sources==

			== Hadrian in Scholarship==

			== Hadrian in Fiction==

			==Related categories==

	~~==External links==~~
	*[[Roman Emperors]]		*[[Roman Emperors]]

Gabriele Boccaccini at 20:54, 13 October 2011

2011-10-13T20:54:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:54, 13 October 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~#REDIRECT~~ [[:Category:Hadrian (subject)]]		*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Hadrian (sources)]]
			*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[:Category:Hadrian (subject)]]


			'''Hadrian''' (76-138) was the fourteenth Roman Emperor, from 117 to 138 CE.

			==Biography==

			Hadrian was the third ruler of the Nervan-Antonian dinasty. He reigned from 117 (after [[:Category:Trajan (subject)\|Trajan]]) to 138 (followed by ''Antoninus Pius'').

			====Hadrian and the Jews====

			==Hadrian in ancient sources==

			==Hadrian in Scholarship==

			==Hadrian in Fiction==

			==External links==
			*[[Roman Emperors]]

			==External links==

			*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian Wikipedia]

			*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=47&letter=H&search=Hadrian Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)]


			[[Category:Index]]
			[[Category:People]]

Gabriele Boccaccini: Redirected page to Category:Hadrian (subject)

2010-06-18T15:54:08Z

Redirected page to Category:Hadrian (subject)

New page

#REDIRECT [[:Category:Hadrian (subject)]]