Caligula - Revision history

Gabriele Boccaccini: Redirected page to Category:Caligula (subject)

2012-02-11T23:58:18Z

Redirected page to Category:Caligula (subject)

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:58, 11 February 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	*This page is edited by Samuele Rocca, Israel		#REDIRECT [[:Category:Caligula (subject)]]
	*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[~~Caligula (sources)]]~~
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: ~~see [[Caligula (works)]]~~

	~~===Early Career===~~
	[[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]], nicknamed [[Caligula]] (12-41 CE) was the third Roman Emperor. [[Gaius Caesar Caligula]] was born in 12 CE at [[Antium]]. He was the third son of [[Augustus]]'s adopted grandson, [[Germanicus]], and [[Augustus]]' granddaughter, [[Agrippina the Elder]]. [[Gaius Caesar]] was also nephew to [[Claudius]]. [[Gaius Caesar]] spent his early years with his father in [[Germania]]. There, he received the nickname [[Caligula]] by his father’s soldiers. After the death of his father [[Germanicus]] and the impeding deteriorations between his mother [[Agrippina the Elder]] and [[Tiberius]], [[Gaius Caesar]] was sent in 27 CE to live with his great-grandmother, [[Livia Augusta]]. Then he went back to his Julian relatives and was in care of his grandmother [[Antonia Minor]]. His sole companions were his three sisters, [[Agrippina the Younger]], [[Drusilla]], and [[Julia Livilla]], with whom he allegedly had an incestuous relation.
	~~In 31 CE [[Gaius Caesar]] followed [[Tiberius]] on Capri until 37 CE.~~
	~~===Imperial Succession===~~
	[[Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus]] succeded [[Tiberius]] in 37 CE. [[Tiberius]] had left the Imperial estates and the title of princeps to [[Gaius Caesar]] and his own grandson, [[Tiberius Gemellus]], who were to serve as joint heirs. However, [[Gaius Caesar]], backed by [[Quintus Naevius Cordus Sutorius Macro]], the praefectus of the praetorius, [[Gaius Caesar]] had [[Tiberius]]’ will with regards to [[Tiberius Gemellus]] quashed. Later on, the Emperor had [[Tiberius Gemellus]] executed by [[Macro]]. [[Gaius Caesar]] relationship with the other embers of his family was not very positive. He made his uncle [[Claudius] a laughing stock. His beloved sister [[Julia Drusilla]] died in 38 CE. His other two sisters, [[Livilla]] and [[Agrippina the Younger]], were exiled. [[Gaius Caesar]] married [[Milonia Caesonia]]from whom he had a daughter, [[Julia Drusilla]]. It seems that his first acts were generous in spirit, though likely political in nature. He granted bonuses to the Praetorian Guard, destroyed [[Tiberius]]' treason papers, declared that treason trials were a thing of the past, recalled exiles, and helped those who had been harmed by the Imperial tax system. However, following an auspicious start to his reign, [[Gaius Caesar]] fell seriously ill in October of 37 CE. In the aftermath of the illness, [[Gaius Caesar]]' rule became more autocratic. In [[Italy]] [[Gaius Caesar]] had harbors at [[Rhegium]] and [[Sicily]] improved and had grain imports from [[Egypt]] increased. He had public works completed, temples built and walls repaired. His foreign policy was quite unsuccessful in the West, as his northern campaign and the attempt of crossing to [[Britannia]] resulted in a failure. However, during [[Gaius Caesar]]’s reign, [[Mauretania]] was annexed and reorganized into two provinces. [[Gaius Caesar]]'s actions as Emperor were described as being especially harsh to the Senate and the equestrian order. These actions led to at least three failed conspiracies against [[Gaius Caesar]]. However [[Gaius Caesar]] was murdered as a consequence of a successful attempt under the leadership of [[Cassius Chaerea]], one of the officers of the Praetorian Guard. Yet when in 41 C.E., [[Gaius Caesar]] was murdered by the plot, together with his wife and daughter, there was no heir. The Praetorians eventually chose [[Gaius Caesar]]’s uncle, [[Claudius]].
	~~===Gaius the Jews and Judaea===~~
	The reign of [[Gais Caesar]] was characterized by various clashes between the Jews and the Roman authorities both in [[Alexandria]] and in [[Judaea]]. In 38 CE, some members of the Greek population of [[Alexandria]] erected statues of the Emperor inside some of the synagogues of the city. The Jews broke them down. The result was that the Greek and especially the Egyptian mob of [[Alexandria]] for various days looted, burned and killed many of the Jewish residents, with the tacit complicity of [[Aulus Avilius Flaccus]], the praefectus of Egypti. The Greeks and the Jews sent each a delegation to [[Gaius Caesar]] in Rome. The Jewish delegation was under the leadership of the philosopher [[Philo]]. The two delegations arrived in 40 CE at Rome and were still there when the Emperor was murdered. In Judaea "Gaius Caesar]] had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A similar clash occurred in the city of [[Jamnia]] in [[Judaea]]. The local Jews were angered by the erection of an altar to the Emperor and destroyed it. [[Gaius Caesar]] ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish [[Temple]] at [[Jerusalem]]. The governor of [[Syria]] [[Publius Petronius]] succeeded in delaying for nearly a year the imperial order. By then, under the mediation of [[Agrippa I]], [[Gaius Caesar]] had quashed the order. However the Emperor had also ordered the courageous [[Publius Petronius]] to take his own life. The ship bringing the new that the Emperor was dead, preceded that which ordered [[Publius Petronius]] to commit suicide. [[Herod Agrippa I]] at [[Gaius Caesar]]’s accession received the territories of [[Batanaea]] and [[Trachonitis]]. In 39 CE, as [[Agrippa I]] had [[Herod Antipas]] accused of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of [[Parthia]]. The tetrarch was exiled, and [[Agrippa I]] was rewarded with his territories. Between 39 and 41 CE, [[Agrippa I]] was in Rome. [[Agrippa I]] was also instrumental in having the accession of [[Claudius]] recognized by the Senate, who wished to restore the Republic.

	~~==In Depth==~~

	*[[Caligula (~~arts~~)]]

	~~==Related categories==~~

	*[[Roman Emperors]]
	*[[Herod Agrippa]] / [[Herod Antipas]] / [[Philo]]

	~~==External links==~~

	*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula Wikipedia]
	*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=49&letter=C&search=Caligula Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)]


	[[Category:Index]]		[[Category:Index]]
	[[Category:People]]		[[Category:People]]

Gabriele Boccaccini at 23:51, 11 February 2012

2012-02-11T23:51:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:51, 11 February 2012
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	The reign of [[Gais Caesar]] was characterized by various clashes between the Jews and the Roman authorities both in [[Alexandria]] and in [[Judaea]]. In 38 CE, some members of the Greek population of [[Alexandria]] erected statues of the Emperor inside some of the synagogues of the city. The Jews broke them down. The result was that the Greek and especially the Egyptian mob of [[Alexandria]] for various days looted, burned and killed many of the Jewish residents, with the tacit complicity of [[Aulus Avilius Flaccus]], the praefectus of Egypti. The Greeks and the Jews sent each a delegation to [[Gaius Caesar]] in Rome. The Jewish delegation was under the leadership of the philosopher [[Philo]]. The two delegations arrived in 40 CE at Rome and were still there when the Emperor was murdered. In Judaea "Gaius Caesar]] had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A similar clash occurred in the city of [[Jamnia]] in [[Judaea]]. The local Jews were angered by the erection of an altar to the Emperor and destroyed it. [[Gaius Caesar]] ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish [[Temple]] at [[Jerusalem]]. The governor of [[Syria]] [[Publius Petronius]] succeeded in delaying for nearly a year the imperial order. By then, under the mediation of [[Agrippa I]], [[Gaius Caesar]] had quashed the order. However the Emperor had also ordered the courageous [[Publius Petronius]] to take his own life. The ship bringing the new that the Emperor was dead, preceded that which ordered [[Publius Petronius]] to commit suicide. [[Herod Agrippa I]] at [[Gaius Caesar]]’s accession received the territories of [[Batanaea]] and [[Trachonitis]]. In 39 CE, as [[Agrippa I]] had [[Herod Antipas]] accused of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of [[Parthia]]. The tetrarch was exiled, and [[Agrippa I]] was rewarded with his territories. Between 39 and 41 CE, [[Agrippa I]] was in Rome. [[Agrippa I]] was also instrumental in having the accession of [[Claudius]] recognized by the Senate, who wished to restore the Republic.		The reign of [[Gais Caesar]] was characterized by various clashes between the Jews and the Roman authorities both in [[Alexandria]] and in [[Judaea]]. In 38 CE, some members of the Greek population of [[Alexandria]] erected statues of the Emperor inside some of the synagogues of the city. The Jews broke them down. The result was that the Greek and especially the Egyptian mob of [[Alexandria]] for various days looted, burned and killed many of the Jewish residents, with the tacit complicity of [[Aulus Avilius Flaccus]], the praefectus of Egypti. The Greeks and the Jews sent each a delegation to [[Gaius Caesar]] in Rome. The Jewish delegation was under the leadership of the philosopher [[Philo]]. The two delegations arrived in 40 CE at Rome and were still there when the Emperor was murdered. In Judaea "Gaius Caesar]] had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A similar clash occurred in the city of [[Jamnia]] in [[Judaea]]. The local Jews were angered by the erection of an altar to the Emperor and destroyed it. [[Gaius Caesar]] ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish [[Temple]] at [[Jerusalem]]. The governor of [[Syria]] [[Publius Petronius]] succeeded in delaying for nearly a year the imperial order. By then, under the mediation of [[Agrippa I]], [[Gaius Caesar]] had quashed the order. However the Emperor had also ordered the courageous [[Publius Petronius]] to take his own life. The ship bringing the new that the Emperor was dead, preceded that which ordered [[Publius Petronius]] to commit suicide. [[Herod Agrippa I]] at [[Gaius Caesar]]’s accession received the territories of [[Batanaea]] and [[Trachonitis]]. In 39 CE, as [[Agrippa I]] had [[Herod Antipas]] accused of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of [[Parthia]]. The tetrarch was exiled, and [[Agrippa I]] was rewarded with his territories. Between 39 and 41 CE, [[Agrippa I]] was in Rome. [[Agrippa I]] was also instrumental in having the accession of [[Claudius]] recognized by the Senate, who wished to restore the Republic.

			==In Depth==

			*[[Caligula (arts)]]

	==Related categories==		==Related categories==

Roccasam at 13:14, 27 October 2011

2011-10-27T13:14:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 27 October 2011
Line 2:		Line 2:
	*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Caligula (sources)]]		*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Caligula (sources)]]
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[Caligula (works)]]		*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[Caligula (works)]]




	===Early Career===		===Early Career===
	Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, nicknamed Caligula (12-41 CE). Gaius Caesar Caligula was born in 12 CE at Antium. He was the third son of Augustus's adopted grandson, Germanicus, and Augustus' granddaughter, Agrippina the Elder. Gaius was also nephew to Claudius. Gaius Caesar ~~Caligula~~ spent his early years with his father in Germania. There, he received the nickname Caligula by his father’s soldiers. After the death of his father Germanicus and the impeding deteriorations between Agrippina the Elder and Tiberius, Gaius Caesar ~~Caligula~~ was sent in 27 CE to live ~~first~~ with his great-grandmother, Livia. Then he went back to his Julian relatives and was in care of his grandmother Antonia Minor. His sole companions were his three sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Drusilla, and Julia Livilla, with whom he allegedly had an incestuous relation.		[[Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus]], nicknamed [[Caligula]] (12-41 CE) was the third Roman Emperor. [[Gaius Caesar Caligula]] was born in 12 CE at [[Antium]]. He was the third son of [[Augustus]]'s adopted grandson, [[Germanicus]], and [[Augustus]]' granddaughter, [[Agrippina the Elder]]. [[Gaius Caesar]] was also nephew to [[Claudius]]. [[Gaius Caesar]] spent his early years with his father in [[Germania]]. There, he received the nickname [[Caligula]] by his father’s soldiers. After the death of his father [[Germanicus]] and the impeding deteriorations between his mother [[Agrippina the Elder]] and [[Tiberius]], [[Gaius Caesar]] was sent in 27 CE to live with his great-grandmother, [[Livia Augusta]]. Then he went back to his Julian relatives and was in care of his grandmother [[Antonia Minor]]. His sole companions were his three sisters, [[Agrippina the Younger]], [[Drusilla]], and [[Julia Livilla]], with whom he allegedly had an incestuous relation.
	In 31 CE ~~Caligula~~ followed Tiberius on Capri until 37 CE.		In 31 CE [[Gaius Caesar]] followed [[Tiberius]] on Capri until 37 CE.
	===Imperial Succession===		===Imperial Succession===
	Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus ~~Caligula~~ succeded Tiberius in 37 CE. ~~The~~ Imperial estates and the ~~titles~~ of ~~the Principate were left~~ to ~~Caligula~~ and ~~Tiberius'~~ own grandson, Tiberius Gemellus, who were to serve as joint heirs. However, Gaius Caesar ~~Caligula~~, backed by Macro, the praefectus of the praetorius, ~~Caligula~~ had ~~Tiberius’~~ will with regards to Tiberius Gemellus quashed. It seems that his first acts were generous in spirit, though likely political in nature. He granted bonuses to the Praetorian Guard, destroyed Tiberius' treason papers, declared that treason trials were a thing of the past, recalled exiles, and helped those who had been harmed by the Imperial tax system. However, following an auspicious start to his reign, ~~Caligula~~ fell seriously ill in October of 37 CE. In the aftermath of the illness, Gaius rule became more autocratic.		[[Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus]] succeded [[Tiberius]] in 37 CE. [[Tiberius]] had left the Imperial estates and the title of princeps to [[Gaius Caesar]] and his own grandson, [[Tiberius Gemellus]], who were to serve as joint heirs. However, [[Gaius Caesar]], backed by [[Quintus Naevius Cordus Sutorius Macro]], the praefectus of the praetorius, [[Gaius Caesar]] had [[Tiberius]]’ will with regards to [[Tiberius Gemellus]] quashed. Later on, the Emperor had [[Tiberius Gemellus]] executed by [[Macro]]. [[Gaius Caesar]] relationship with the other embers of his family was not very positive. He made his uncle [[Claudius] a laughing stock. His beloved sister [[Julia Drusilla]] died in 38 CE. His other two sisters, [[Livilla]] and [[Agrippina the Younger]], were exiled. [[Gaius Caesar]] married [[Milonia Caesonia]]from whom he had a daughter, [[Julia Drusilla]]. It seems that his first acts were generous in spirit, though likely political in nature. He granted bonuses to the Praetorian Guard, destroyed [[Tiberius]]' treason papers, declared that treason trials were a thing of the past, recalled exiles, and helped those who had been harmed by the Imperial tax system. However, following an auspicious start to his reign, [[Gaius Caesar]] fell seriously ill in October of 37 CE. In the aftermath of the illness, [[Gaius Caesar]]' rule became more autocratic. In [[Italy]] [[Gaius Caesar]] had harbors at [[Rhegium]] and [[Sicily]] improved and had grain imports from [[Egypt]] increased. He had public works completed, temples built and walls repaired. His foreign policy was quite unsuccessful in the West, as his northern campaign and the attempt of crossing to [[Britannia]] resulted in a failure. However, during [[Gaius Caesar]]’s reign, [[Mauretania]] was annexed and reorganized into two provinces. [[Gaius Caesar]]'s actions as Emperor were described as being especially harsh to the Senate and the equestrian order. These actions led to at least three failed conspiracies against [[Gaius Caesar]]. However [[Gaius Caesar]] was murdered as a consequence of a successful attempt under the leadership of [[Cassius Chaerea]], one of the officers of the Praetorian Guard. Yet when in 41 C.E., [[Gaius Caesar]] was murdered by the plot, together with his wife and daughter, there was no heir. The Praetorians eventually chose [[Gaius Caesar]]’s uncle, [[Claudius]].
	In Italy Gaius had harbors at Rhegium and Sicily improved and had grain imports from Egypt increased. He had public works completed, temples built and walls repaired. His foreign policy was quite unsuccessful in the West, as his northern campaign and the attempt of crossing to ~~Britain~~ resulted in a failure. However, during ~~Gaius’s~~ reign, Mauretania was annexed and reorganized into two provinces. ~~Caligula~~'s actions as Emperor were described as being especially harsh to the Senate and the equestrian order. These actions led to at least three failed conspiracies against Gaius. However Gaius was murdered as a consequence of a successful attempt under the leadership of Cassius Chaerea, one of the officers of the Praetorian Guard. Yet when in 41 C.E., Gaius was murdered by the plot, there was no heir. The Praetorians eventually chose ~~Caligula’s~~ uncle, Claudius.		===Gaius the Jews and Judaea===
	===Gaius the Jews and Judaea		The reign of [[Gais Caesar]] was characterized by various clashes between the Jews and the Roman authorities both in [[Alexandria]] and in [[Judaea]]. In 38 CE, some members of the Greek population of [[Alexandria]] erected statues of the Emperor inside some of the synagogues of the city. The Jews broke them down. The result was that the Greek and especially the Egyptian mob of [[Alexandria]] for various days looted, burned and killed many of the Jewish residents, with the tacit complicity of [[Aulus Avilius Flaccus]], the praefectus of Egypti. The Greeks and the Jews sent each a delegation to [[Gaius Caesar]] in Rome. The Jewish delegation was under the leadership of the philosopher [[Philo]]. The two delegations arrived in 40 CE at Rome and were still there when the Emperor was murdered. In Judaea "Gaius Caesar]] had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A similar clash occurred in the city of [[Jamnia]] in [[Judaea]]. The local Jews were angered by the erection of an altar to the Emperor and destroyed it. [[Gaius Caesar]] ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish [[Temple]] at [[Jerusalem]]. The governor of [[Syria]] [[Publius Petronius]] succeeded in delaying for nearly a year the imperial order. By then, under the mediation of [[Agrippa I]], [[Gaius Caesar]] had quashed the order. However the Emperor had also ordered the courageous [[Publius Petronius]] to take his own life. The ship bringing the new that the Emperor was dead, preceded that which ordered [[Publius Petronius]] to commit suicide. [[Herod Agrippa I]] at [[Gaius Caesar]]’s accession received the territories of [[Batanaea]] and [[Trachonitis]]. In 39 CE, as [[Agrippa I]] had [[Herod Antipas]] accused of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of [[Parthia]]. The tetrarch was exiled, and [[Agrippa I]] was rewarded with his territories. Between 39 and 41 CE, [[Agrippa I]] was in Rome. [[Agrippa I]] was also instrumental in having the accession of [[Claudius]] recognized by the Senate, who wished to restore the Republic.
	The reign of Gais ~~Caligula~~ was characterized by various clashes between the Jews and the Roman authorities both in Alexandria and in Judaea. In 38 CE, some members of the Greek population of Alexandria erected statues of the Emperor inside some of the synagogues of ~~Alexandria~~. The Jews broke them down. The result was that the Greek and especially the Egyptian mob of Alexandria looted, burned and killed many of the Jewish residents, with the ~~consent~~ of Aulus Avilius Flaccus, the praefectus of Egypti. The Greeks and the Jews sent each a delegation to Gaius in Rome. The Jewish delegation was under the leadership of the philosopher Philo. The two delegations arrived in 40 CE and were still there when the Emperor was murdered.
	In ~~Judea Caligula~~ had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A similar clash occurred in the city of Jamnia in Judaea. The local Jews were angered by the erection of an altar to ~~Caligula~~ and destroyed it. Gaius ~~Caligula~~ ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem. The governor of Syria Publius Petronius succeeded in delaying for nearly a year the imperial order. By then, under the mediation of Agrippa I, Gaius ~~Caligula~~ had quashed the order. However the Emperor had also ordered the courageous Publius Petronius to take his own life. ~~However the~~ ship bringing the new that the Emperor was dead, preceded that which ordered Petronius to commit suicide. Herod Agrippa I at Gaius ~~Caligula’s~~ accession received the territories of Batanaea and Trachonitis. In 39 CE, as Agrippa I had Herod Antipas accused of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of Parthia. The tetrarch was exiled, and Agrippa I was rewarded with his territories. Between 39 and 41 CE, Agrippa I was in Rome. Agrippa I was also instrumental in having the accession of Claudius recognized by the Senate, who wished to restore the Republic.

	~~'''Caligula''' (12 CE - 41 CE) was the third Roman Emperor, who reigned from 37 to 41 CE.~~

	~~==Overview==~~

	~~Caligula was the third ruler of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He succeeded [[Tiberius]] and was followed by [[Claudius]]).~~

	~~====Caligula and the Jews====~~

	~~In his youth, Caligula formed a strong friendship for [[Herod Agrippa]], but as Emperor his policy toward the Jews was not favorable.~~

	In Judea Caligula had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A major crisis arose following the Emperor's order that his image be placed in the Temple at Jerusalem. Petronius, the governor of Syria, was ordered to mobilize half of his army in Palestine in order to enforce this command (39-40). The Jews petitioned Petronius who supported their cause, while [[Herod Agrippa]] also tried to mediate in Rome. Caligula sent orders to carry out his will and even intimated Petronius to suicide; only the assassination of Caligula avoided the showdown.

	==Related categories==		==Related categories==

Roccasam at 12:50, 27 October 2011

2011-10-27T12:50:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:50, 27 October 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
			*This page is edited by Samuele Rocca, Israel
	*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Caligula (sources)]]		*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Caligula (sources)]]
	*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[Caligula (works)]]		*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[Caligula (works)]]




			===Early Career===
			Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, nicknamed Caligula (12-41 CE). Gaius Caesar Caligula was born in 12 CE at Antium. He was the third son of Augustus's adopted grandson, Germanicus, and Augustus' granddaughter, Agrippina the Elder. Gaius was also nephew to Claudius. Gaius Caesar Caligula spent his early years with his father in Germania. There, he received the nickname Caligula by his father’s soldiers. After the death of his father Germanicus and the impeding deteriorations between Agrippina the Elder and Tiberius, Gaius Caesar Caligula was sent in 27 CE to live first with his great-grandmother, Livia. Then he went back to his Julian relatives and was in care of his grandmother Antonia Minor. His sole companions were his three sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Drusilla, and Julia Livilla, with whom he allegedly had an incestuous relation.
			In 31 CE Caligula followed Tiberius on Capri until 37 CE.
			===Imperial Succession===
			Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus Caligula succeded Tiberius in 37 CE. The Imperial estates and the titles of the Principate were left to Caligula and Tiberius' own grandson, Tiberius Gemellus, who were to serve as joint heirs. However, Gaius Caesar Caligula, backed by Macro, the praefectus of the praetorius, Caligula had Tiberius’ will with regards to Tiberius Gemellus quashed. It seems that his first acts were generous in spirit, though likely political in nature. He granted bonuses to the Praetorian Guard, destroyed Tiberius' treason papers, declared that treason trials were a thing of the past, recalled exiles, and helped those who had been harmed by the Imperial tax system. However, following an auspicious start to his reign, Caligula fell seriously ill in October of 37 CE. In the aftermath of the illness, Gaius rule became more autocratic.
			In Italy Gaius had harbors at Rhegium and Sicily improved and had grain imports from Egypt increased. He had public works completed, temples built and walls repaired. His foreign policy was quite unsuccessful in the West, as his northern campaign and the attempt of crossing to Britain resulted in a failure. However, during Gaius’s reign, Mauretania was annexed and reorganized into two provinces. Caligula's actions as Emperor were described as being especially harsh to the Senate and the equestrian order. These actions led to at least three failed conspiracies against Gaius. However Gaius was murdered as a consequence of a successful attempt under the leadership of Cassius Chaerea, one of the officers of the Praetorian Guard. Yet when in 41 C.E., Gaius was murdered by the plot, there was no heir. The Praetorians eventually chose Caligula’s uncle, Claudius.
			===Gaius the Jews and Judaea
			The reign of Gais Caligula was characterized by various clashes between the Jews and the Roman authorities both in Alexandria and in Judaea. In 38 CE, some members of the Greek population of Alexandria erected statues of the Emperor inside some of the synagogues of Alexandria. The Jews broke them down. The result was that the Greek and especially the Egyptian mob of Alexandria looted, burned and killed many of the Jewish residents, with the consent of Aulus Avilius Flaccus, the praefectus of Egypti. The Greeks and the Jews sent each a delegation to Gaius in Rome. The Jewish delegation was under the leadership of the philosopher Philo. The two delegations arrived in 40 CE and were still there when the Emperor was murdered.
			In Judea Caligula had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A similar clash occurred in the city of Jamnia in Judaea. The local Jews were angered by the erection of an altar to Caligula and destroyed it. Gaius Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem. The governor of Syria Publius Petronius succeeded in delaying for nearly a year the imperial order. By then, under the mediation of Agrippa I, Gaius Caligula had quashed the order. However the Emperor had also ordered the courageous Publius Petronius to take his own life. However the ship bringing the new that the Emperor was dead, preceded that which ordered Petronius to commit suicide. Herod Agrippa I at Gaius Caligula’s accession received the territories of Batanaea and Trachonitis. In 39 CE, as Agrippa I had Herod Antipas accused of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of Parthia. The tetrarch was exiled, and Agrippa I was rewarded with his territories. Between 39 and 41 CE, Agrippa I was in Rome. Agrippa I was also instrumental in having the accession of Claudius recognized by the Senate, who wished to restore the Republic.

	'''Caligula''' (12 CE - 41 CE) was the third Roman Emperor, who reigned from 37 to 41 CE.		'''Caligula''' (12 CE - 41 CE) was the third Roman Emperor, who reigned from 37 to 41 CE.

Gabriele Boccaccini: /* Related categories */

2011-10-14T16:33:06Z

Related categories

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 14 October 2011
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	==Related categories==		==Related categories==

	*[[Roman Emperors~~\|Roman Emperors (subject)~~]]		*[[Roman Emperors]]
	*[[~~:Category:~~Herod Agrippa ~~(subject)\|Herod Agrippa (subject)~~]] / [[~~:Category:~~Herod Antipas ~~(subject)\|Herod Antipas (subject)~~]] / [[~~:Category:Philo (subject)\|~~Philo ~~(subject)~~]]		*[[Herod Agrippa]] / [[Herod Antipas]] / [[Philo]]

	==External links==		==External links==

Gabriele Boccaccini at 16:31, 14 October 2011

2011-10-14T16:31:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 14 October 2011
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	In Judea Caligula had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A major crisis arose following the Emperor's order that his image be placed in the Temple at Jerusalem. Petronius, the governor of Syria, was ordered to mobilize half of his army in Palestine in order to enforce this command (39-40). The Jews petitioned Petronius who supported their cause, while [[Herod Agrippa]] also tried to mediate in Rome. Caligula sent orders to carry out his will and even intimated Petronius to suicide; only the assassination of Caligula avoided the showdown.		In Judea Caligula had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A major crisis arose following the Emperor's order that his image be placed in the Temple at Jerusalem. Petronius, the governor of Syria, was ordered to mobilize half of his army in Palestine in order to enforce this command (39-40). The Jews petitioned Petronius who supported their cause, while [[Herod Agrippa]] also tried to mediate in Rome. Caligula sent orders to carry out his will and even intimated Petronius to suicide; only the assassination of Caligula avoided the showdown.

	~~==Caligula in ancient sources==~~

	~~==Caligula in Scholarship==~~

	~~==Caligula in Fiction==~~

	==Related categories==		==Related categories==

Gabriele Boccaccini at 02:50, 13 October 2011

2011-10-13T02:50:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:50, 13 October 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~#REDIRECT~~ [[:Category:Caligula (~~subject~~)]]		*ANCIENT SOURCES: see [[Caligula (sources)]]
			*SCHOLARLY AND FICTIONAL WORKS: see [[Caligula (works)]]


			'''Caligula''' (12 CE - 41 CE) was the third Roman Emperor, who reigned from 37 to 41 CE.

			==Overview==

			Caligula was the third ruler of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He succeeded [[Tiberius]] and was followed by [[Claudius]]).

			====Caligula and the Jews====

			In his youth, Caligula formed a strong friendship for [[Herod Agrippa]], but as Emperor his policy toward the Jews was not favorable.

			In Judea Caligula had [[Marullus]] as his appointed governor for his entire tenure (37-41 CE). A major crisis arose following the Emperor's order that his image be placed in the Temple at Jerusalem. Petronius, the governor of Syria, was ordered to mobilize half of his army in Palestine in order to enforce this command (39-40). The Jews petitioned Petronius who supported their cause, while [[Herod Agrippa]] also tried to mediate in Rome. Caligula sent orders to carry out his will and even intimated Petronius to suicide; only the assassination of Caligula avoided the showdown.

			==Caligula in ancient sources==

			==Caligula in Scholarship==

			==Caligula in Fiction==

			==Related categories==

			*[[Roman Emperors\|Roman Emperors (subject)]]
			*[[:Category:Herod Agrippa (subject)\|Herod Agrippa (subject)]] / [[:Category:Herod Antipas (subject)\|Herod Antipas (subject)]] / [[:Category:Philo (subject)\|Philo (subject)]]

			==External links==

			*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula Wikipedia]
			*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=49&letter=C&search=Caligula Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)]


			[[Category:Index]]
			[[Category:People]]

Gabriele Boccaccini: Redirected page to Category:Caligula (subject)

2010-06-18T15:04:56Z

Redirected page to Category:Caligula (subject)

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