Category:Judas the Galilean (subject)
Judas the Galilean / Judas ben Hezekiah (1st century CE) was a Jewish rebel, who led a revolt around 6 CE, at the time of the census of Quirinius, and gave birth to the Zealot movement. Most likely, Judas the Galilean is the same Judas son of Hezekiah who had already rebelled against the Romans in the year 4 BCE.
Overview
Josephus first mentions a Galilean leader, Judas, the son of that Hezekiah whom Herod the Great had executed. Judas was responsible for a rebellion in the year 4 BCE, which Varus brutally suppressed (see also Simon of Perea and Athronges).
The beginning of Roman direct rule and the census of Quirinius in 6 CE triggered another revolt by Judas the Galilean. The formation of the party of the Zealots is attributed to Judas and Zaddok.
In the Acts of Apostles, Gamaliel aligned Judas the Galilean with Theudas and Jesus of Nazareth, as leaders of suppressed messianic revolts. The author of the Acts put the revolt of Judas the Galilean chronologically after Theudas, most likely since Judas' sons James and Simon were finally executed by procurator Tiberius Alexander also in about 46 CE, shortly after his predecessor Cuspius Fadus had crashed the rebellion of Theudas.
Judas the Galilean in ancient sources
Josephus, Jewish War
Bel II 4, 1 -- In Sepphoris also, a city of Galilee, there was one Judas (the son of that arch-robber Hezekias, who formerly overran the country, and had been subdued by king Herod); this man got no small multitude together, and brake open the place where the royal armor was laid up, and armed those about him, and attacked those that were so earnest to gain the dominion.
Bel II 8, 1 -- And now Archelaus's part of Judea was reduced into a province, and Coponius, one of the equestrian order among the Romans, was sent as a procurator, having the power of [life and] death put into his hands by Caesar. Under his administration it was that a certain Galilean, whose name was Judas, prevailed with his countrymen to revolt, and said they were cowards if they would endure to pay a tax to the Romans and would after God submit to mortal men as their lords. This man was a teacher of a peculiar sect of his own, and was not at all like the rest of those their leaders.
Josephus, Jewish Antiquities
Ant XVII 10, 5 -- There was also Judas, the son of that Ezekias who had been head of the robbers; which Ezekias was a very strong man, and had with great difficulty been caught by Herod. This Judas, having gotten together a multitude of men of a profligate character about Sepphoris in Galilee, made an assault upon the palace [there,] and seized upon all the weapons that were laid up in it, and with them armed every one of those that were with him, and carried away what money was left there; and he became terrible to all men, by tearing and rending those that came near him; and all this in order to raise himself, and out of an ambitious desire of the royal dignity; and he hoped to obtain that as the reward not of his virtuous skill in war, but of his extravagance in doing injuries.
Ant 18:3-10, 23 -- At the time of the census… Judas (with the support of Saddok) threw himself into the cause of rebellion… He urged people that Heaven would be their zealous helper… if with high devotion in their hearts they stood firm and did not shrink from the bloodshed that might be necessary… Judas and Saddok started among us a new school which in all other aspects agrees with the opinion of the Pharisees, except that they have a passion for liberty that is almost unconquerable, since they are convinced that God alone is their leader and master.
Acts of Apostles
Acts 5:38-39 -- "(Gamaliel said)... After him [i.e. Theudas], Judas the Galilean rose up at the time of the census and got people to follow him; he also perished, and all who followed him were scattered. So is the case [of Jesus]".
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